Asthma Case Study

University of Perpetual Help System – DALTA Alabang – Zapote Road, Pamplona, Las Pinas City College of Nursing A Case Study of Bronchial Asthma In Acute Exacerbation (BAIAE) Submitted by: Angela Marie Ferrer BSN 3B July 17, 2012 Definition A condition of the lungs characterized by widespread narrowing of the airways due to spasm of the smooth muscle, edema of the mucosa, and the presence of mucus in the lumen of the bronchi and bronchioles.Bronchial asthma is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder with increased responsiveness of tracheobroncheal tree to various stimuli, resulting in paroxysmal contraction of bronchial airways which changes in severity over short periods of time, either spontaneously or under treatment. Causes Allergy is the strongest predisposing factor for asthma. Chronic exposure to airway irritants or allergens can be seasonal such as grass, tree and weed pollens or perennial under this are the molds, dust and roaches.Common triggers of asthma sy mptoms and exacerbations include air way irritants like air pollutant, cold, heat, weather changes, strong odors and perfumes. Other contributing factor would include exercise, stress or emotional upset, sinusitis with post nasal drip, medications and viral respiratory tract infections. Most people who have asthma are sensitive to a variety of triggers.A person’s asthma changes depending on the environment activities, management practices and other factor. Factors that can contribute to asthma or airway hyperreactivity may include any of the following: * Environmental allergens: House dust mites, animal allergens (especially cat and dog), cockroach allergens, and fungi are most commonly reported. * Viral respiratory tract infections * Exercise; hyperventilation * Gastroesophageal reflux disease * Chronic sinusitis or rhinitis Aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) hypersensitivity, sulfite sensitivity * Use of beta-adrenergic receptor blockers (including ophth almic preparations) * Obesity: Based on a prospective cohort study of 86,000 patients, those with an elevated body mass index are more likely to have asthma. * Environmental pollutants, tobacco smoke * Occupational exposure * Irritants (eg, household sprays, paint fumes) * Various high and low molecular weight compounds: A variety of high and low molecular weight compounds are associated with the development of occupational asthma, such as insects, plants, latex, gums, diisocyanates, anhydrides, wood dust * Emotional factors or stress * Perinatal factors: Prematurity and increased maternal age increase the risk for asthma * Breastfeeding has not been definitely shown to be protective. * Both maternal smoking and prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke also increase the risk of developing asthma Clinical ManifestationThe three most common symptoms of asthma are cough, dyspnea, and wheezing. In some instances cough may be the only symptoms. An asthma attack often occurs at night or early i n the morning, possibly because circadian variations that influence airway receptors thresholds. An asthma exacerbation may begin abruptly but most frequently is preceded by increasing symptoms over the previous few days. There is cough, with or without mucus production. At times the mucus is so tightly wedged in the narrow airway that the patient cannot cough it up.Prevention Patient with recurrent asthma should undergo test to identify the substance that participate the symptoms. Patients are instructed to avoid the causative agents whenever possible. Knowledge is the key to quality asthma care. Medical Management There are two general process of asthma medication: quick relief medication for immediate treatment of asthma symptoms and exacerbations and long acting medication to achieve and maintain control and persistent asthma.Because of underlying pathology of asthma is inflammation, control of persistent asthma is accomplish primarily with the regular use of anti inflammatory m edications. * Long-acting control Medication Corticosteroid are the most potent and effective anti inflammatory currently available. They are broadly effective in alleviating symptoms, improving air way functions, and decreasing peak flow variability. Cromolyn sodium and nedocromil are mild to be moderate anti-inflammatory agents that are use more commonly in children.They also are effective on a prophylactic basis to prevent exercise-induced asthma or unavoidable exposure to known triggers. These medications are contraindicated in acute asthma exacerbation. `Long acting beta-adrenergic agonist is use with anti-inflammatory medications to control asthma symptoms, particularly those that occur during the night these agents are also effective in the prevention of exercise-induced asthma. * Quick relief medication Short acting beta adrenergic agonists are the medications of choice for relief of acute symptoms and prevention of exercise-induced asthma.They have the rapid onset of acton. Anti-cholinergic may have an added benefit in severe exacerbations of asthma but they are use more frequently in COPD. Nursing Management The main focus of nursing management is to actively assess the air way and the patient response to treatment. The immediate nursing care of patient with asthma depends on the severity of the symptoms. A calm approach is an important aspect of care especially for anxious client and one’s family. This requires a partnership between the patient and the health care providers to determine the desire outcome and to formulate a plan which include; * the purpose and action of each medication * trigger to avoid and how to do so * when to seek assistance the nature of asthma as chronic inflammatory disease Anatomy and Physiology The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and epiglottis. The lower respiratory tract consist of the bronchi, bronchioles and the lungs.The major function of the respiratory system is to deliver oxygen to arterial blood and remove carbon dioxide from venous blood, a process known as gas exchange. The normal gas exchange depends on three process: * Ventilation – is movement of gases from the atmosphere into and out of the lungs. This is accomplished through the mechanical acts of inspiration and expiration. * Diffusion – is a movement of inhaled gases in the alveoli and across the alveolar capillary membrane * Perfusion – is movement of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the tissues.Control of gas exchange – involves neural and chemical process The neural system, composed of three parts located in the pons, medulla and spinal cord, coordinates respiratory rhythm and regulates the depth of respirations The chemical processes perform several vital functions such as: * regulating alveolar ventilation by maintaining normal blood gas tension * guarding against hypercapnia (excessive CO2 in the blood) as well as hypoxia (reduced tissue oxy genation caused by decreased arterial oxygen [PaO2]. An increase in arterial CO2 (PaCO2) stimulates ventilation; conversely, a decrease in PaCO2 inhibits ventilation. helping to maintain respirations (through peripheral chemoreceptors) when hypoxia occurs. The normal functions of respiration O2 and CO2 tension and chemoreceptors are similar in children and adults. however, children respond differently than adults to respiratory disturbances; major areas of difference include: * Poor tolerance of nasal congestion, especially in infants who are obligatory nose breathers up to 4 months of age * Increased susceptibility to ear infection due to shorter, broader, and more horizontally positioned eustachian tubes. Increased severity or respiratory symptoms due to smaller airway diameters * A total body response to respiratory infection, with such symptoms as fever, vomiting and diarrhea. Diagnostic procedures: * General Physical Examination * Skin: * Observe for the presence of atopic derm atitis, eczema, or other manifestations of allergic skin conditions * Evidence of respiratory distress manifests as * increased respiratory rate, * increased heart rate, * diaphoresis, and * use of accessory muscles of respiration. * Marked weight loss or severe wasting may indicate severe emphysema. * Pulsus paradoxus: * This is an exaggerated fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration and may occur during an acute asthma exacerbation. * Depressed sensorium: * This finding suggests a more severe asthma exacerbation with impending respiratory failure. * Chest Examination * End-expiratory wheezing or a prolonged expiratory phase is found most commonly, although inspiratory wheezing can be heard. * Diminished breath sounds and chest hyperinflation (especially in children)  may be observed during acute asthma exacerbations. The presence of inspiratory wheezing or stridor may prompt an evaluation for an upper airway obstruction such as vocal cord dysfunction, vocal cord paraly sis, thyroid enlargement, or a soft tissue mass (eg, malignant tumor). * Differential Diagnoses * Airway Foreign Body Heart Failure Allergic and Environmental Asthma Pulmonary Embolism Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Pulmonary Eosinophilia Aspergillosis Sarcoidosis Bronchiectasis Sinusitis, Chronic * Bronchiolitis Tracheomalacia COPD URTI Churg-Strauss Syndrome Vocal Cord Dysfunction Cystic Fibrosis Foreign Body Aspiration Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Laboratory Studies * Blood eosinophilia greater than 4% or 300-400/ µL * Eosinophil counts greater than 8% may be observed in patients with concomitant atopic dermatitis. * This finding should prompt an evaluation for allergic  bronchopulmonary aspergillosis,  Churg-Strauss syndrome, or  eosinophilic pneumonia * Total serum immunoglobulin E levels greater than 100 IU are frequently observed in patients experiencing allergic reactions, but this finding is not specific for asthma * British Thoracic Society recommends using sputu m eosinophilia determinations to guide therapy Imaging Studies In most patients with asthma, chest radiography findings are normal or may indicate hyperinflation. * Chest radiography should be considered in all patients being evaluated for asthma to exclude other diagnoses. * Sinus CT scanning may be useful to help exclude acute or chronic sinusitis as a contributing factor.. Pulmonary function testing (spirometry) * Spirometry assessments  should be obtained as the primary test to establish the asthma diagnosis. * Spirometry should be performed prior o initiating treatment in order to establish the presence and determine the severity of baseline airway obstruction. * The assessment and diagnosis of asthma cannot be based on spirometry findings alone because many other diseases are associated with obstructive spirometry indices. * Spirometry measures the forced vital capacity (FVC), the maximal amount of air expired from the point of maximal inhalation, and the FEV1. A reduced rat io of FEV1 to FVC, when compared with predicted values, demonstrates the presence of airway obstruction. Optimally, the initial spirometry should also include  measurements before and after inhalation of a short-acting bronchodilator in all patients in whom the diagnosis of asthma is considered. * Reversibility is demonstrated by an increase of 12%  and 200 mL after the administration of a short-acting bronchodilator Methacholine- or histamine-challenge testing * Bronchoprovocation testing with either methacholine or histamine is useful when spirometry findings are normal or near normal, especially in patients with intermittent or exercise-induced asthma symptoms. Bronchoprovocation testing helps determine if airway hyperreactivity is present, and a negative test result usually excludes the diagnosis of asthma. * Methacholine is administered in incremental doses up to a maximum dose of 16 mg/mL, and a 20% decrease in FEV1, up to the 4 mg/mL level, is considered a positive test r esult for the presence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Peak-flow monitoring * Peak-flow monitoring is designed for ongoing monitoring of patients with asthma because the test is simple to perform and the results are a quantitative and reproducible measure of airflow obstruction. It can be used for short-term monitoring, exacerbation management, and daily long-term monitoring. * Peak-flow monitoring should not be used as a substitute for spirometry to establish the initial diagnosis of asthma. * Results can be used to determine the severity of an exacerbation and to help guide therapeutic decisions as part of an asthma action plan. Exercise testing * Testing involves 6-10 minutes of strenuous exertion at 85-90% of predicted maximal heart rate and measurement of postexercise spirometry for 15-30 minutes. The defined cutoff for a positive test result is a 15% decrease in FEV1 after exercise. Eucapnic hyperventilation * Eucapnic hyperventilation with either cold or dry air is an alter nate method of bronchoprovocation testing. * It has been used to evaluate patients for exercise-induced asthma and has been shown to produce results similar to those of methacholine-challenge asthma testing. I. LABORATORY WORKS NAME OF TEST| NORMALVALUE| RESULTS| SIGNIFICANCE| Complete Blood CountPurpose: CBC is ordered to aid in the detection of anemias; hydration status; and as part of routine hospital admission test.The differential WBC is necessary for determining the type of infection. | RBC: 4-6 x 10/LHct: 0. 37- 0. 47Hgb: 110- 160 gm/LWBC: 5-10 x 10 /LLymphocytes:0. 25-0. 35Segmenters: 0. 50-0. 65Eosinophil: 0. 01-0. 06| 5. 480. 481598. 20. 250. 580. 07| Increased segmenters (mature neutrophils) reflect a bacterial infection since this are the body’s first line of defense against acute bacterial invasion. Lymphocytes are decreased during early acute bacterial infection and only increase late in bacterial infections but continue to function during the chronic phase. | I I. DRUG STUDYName of the drug | Classification | Dosage/ Frequency | Route | Mechanism of Action | Indication | Nursing Responsibilities | Generic name:Duavent ( ipratropium salbutamol) Brand name:DuaNeb | Salbutamol Sulfate| Nebule q 1 hour| Oral nebulization | The combination of ipratropium and albuterol is used to prevent wheezing, difficulty breathing, chest tightness, and coughing. | Management of reversible bronchospasms associated with obstructive airway diseases, bronchial asthma| Take care to ensure that the nebulizer mask fits the user's face properly and that nebulized solution does not escape into the eyes. * Evaluate therapeutic response. |

Electric Field

Name ____________________________________Electric Fields Go to http://phet. colorado. edu/simulations/sims. php? sim=Electric_Field_Hockey and click on Run Now. 1. You rub balloons in your hair and then hang them like in the picture below. Explain why you think they move apart and what might affect how far apart they get. A balloon becomes negatively charged when it is rubbed on a person’s hair.This occurs because all the protons and neutrons leave the balloon and attach to other objects such as the hair. If two balloons both have negative charges then both balloons will repel each other because same charges repel while opposites attract. 2. Test your ideas using Electric Field Hockey in the Practice mode. Make a table to record your observations about what affects the direction and speed of the puck. Your table should demonstrate that you have run controlled tests with all the variables. Charges introduced |Effects on positive charge repulsion | |Positive |Repel | |Negative |Attract | Charges introduced |Effects on positive charge speed | |Positive |Close to charge=Increasing repulsion speed | | |Far from charge= decreasing repulsion speed | |Negative |Close to charge=Increasing attraction speed | | Far from charge= decreasing attraction speed | 3. Reflect on your ideas from question #1 and your data from question #2. How do your observations support, dispute or add to your ideas about what affects how charged bodies interact? The data collected helps support my claims that like charges repel each other while opposites attract. In the case of the balloons both balloons are negative there for repelling each other. 4. As you put charges onto the playing area, arrows appear on the puck. †¢ What do you think the arrows on the puck are illustrating?The arrows illustrate the movement of the pucks as well as velocity. †¢ How do the arrows from the positive charges compare and contrast to the ones from the negative balls? The positive charges seem to repel the puck while the negatives attract. †¢ Investigate how you can use the arrows to predict the motion of the puck. 5. Write an explanation of how you can predict the motion of a charged hockey puck that is moved by other charged pucks. Explain using examples and drawings that include: †¢ How to use free body diagrams and vector addition. †¢ How negative and positive charges compare and contrast.

Discuss the role of John Proctor Essay

Discuss the role of John Proctor in ‘The Crucible’. Why does he choose to die at the end of the play? John Proctor is the protagonist of the play ‘The Crucible’, written by Arthur Miller. This is because Miller uses Proctor as a character to help the audience understand the characters’ experience. He does this by either making sympathetic expressions or the actions that Proctor makes, whether they are violent or confusing. Miller makes us feel sympathetic for Proctor when Proctor’s wife, Elizabeth gets taken away to court for being accused of doing ‘the devil’s work’. Proctor knows she is innocent but nobody will believe him. In Act I, John Proctor’s role is to introduce himself and show his character: ‘Be you deaf? I forbid you leave the house did I not? ‘ (Proctor, Act I) This comment suggests he likes to be powerful and in control, in this case, by being forceful. He feels ‘strong about hypocricy, but is even-tempered. Miller tells us that ‘in the presence of Proctor a fool felt his foolishness instantly’. He also tells us that proctor ‘is a sinner against his own vision of decent conduct’, of which he is talking about the affair with Abigail Williams. This is dramatic irony as, only three characters (including Proctor) are aware of this. When we first meet Proctor he is with Abigail, Mary and Mercy Lewis. Abigail’s first words are: ‘Gah, I’d almost forgotten how strong you are John Proctor! ‘ (Abigail, Act I) John Proctor quickly realises what she is implying and replies: ‘What’s this mischief then? ‘ (Proctor, Act I) This shows he doesn’t want anything to happen between him and Abigail. ‘No, no Abby. That’s done with. ‘ (Proctor, Act I) Later on he replies with this to Abigail, and this shows he is strong-willed, recognises what is happening and the mistake. However Abigail thinks that John is just playing around with her and speaks of how he clutched her back behind his house and sweated like a stallion. ‘I may have looked up. ‘ (Proctor, Act I) This quotation suggests that Proctor is still interested and this brings across a message that people don’t change, in this case Proctor a sinner, but then the strong, powerful part of his character comes across and he threatens to whip her, to which the stage directions say ‘shaking her’. This suggests he regrets the affair and wants no more to do with Abigail. As an affair is more likely to have happened in the 20th century, the audience sympathise with him as the play is set in the late 17th century, so Proctor is a man ahead of his time. When Proctor meets Hale, he wants him to make Salem more realistic. He shows his sensible character, but could also be seen that Proctor is trying to be ‘in charge’ and think he knows too much: ‘He don’t believe in witches. ‘ (Giles, Act I) ‘I never speak of witches one-way or the other. Will you come Giles? ‘ (Proctor, Act I) ‘I’ve heard you to be a sensible man Mr Hales. I hope you’ll leave some of it in Salem. ‘ (Proctor, Act I) Act II shows Proctor’s house, and Proctor is tense, which brings tension upon the audience. He carries a gun, which suggests insecurity among Salem, and himself. He places it leaning on the wall, which is an accessible point, again showing insecurity. It makes the audience feel inferior. AS Elizabeth walks down the stairs he goes to a basin washing his hands and face. This is symbolic as he is trying to forget the affair, because he feels so guilty. This builds more tension: ‘What keeps you so late? It’s almost dark. ‘ (Elizabeth, Act II) This comment of Elizabeth’s shows she is anxious and suspicious of his whereabouts. He replies that he was ‘planting far out the forest edge’. Then goes on to say: ‘Pray now for a fair summer. ‘ (Proctor, Act II) He is trying to please his wife, still feeling guilt. He says with a grin: ‘I mean to please you, Elizabeth. ‘ (Proctor, Act II) Elizabeth replies, although hard to say, which suggests denial or disbelief: ‘I know it, John. ‘ (Elizabeth, Act II) Proctor and Elizabeth fear each other, and this illustrates the feature of the play-fear. Their short sentences and being silent suggests this, and also brings tension upon their marriage, and the audience. Act II is mostly to do with John Proctor, the visiting of Hale to which he is questioned about his religious efforts, his arguments with his wife, his suspicions of the witchcraft in Salem and Abigail, and the arrest of his wife. He grabs the search warrant off Cheever: ‘Proctor, you dare not touch the warrant. ‘ (Cheever, Act II) ‘Ripping the warrant. ‘ (Stage directions, Act II) This is Proctor’s angry side. He knows what Abigail is up to, yet no one will believe him. They go on what Abigail says. As he rips up the warrant, he puts a reputation to his name at the courts of the Witch trials. Act III shows Danforth, a deputy governor, talking to Proctor about witchcraft. He is questioning about the pretence that Mary Warren has confessed. He wants a second view from John Proctor: ‘We burn a hot fire her; it melts down all concealment. ‘ (Danforth, Act III) This relates to the title of the play ‘The Crucible’. It is a metaphor of a crucible, which points out the message of the play. As a crucible is a container in which metals are heated to extract the pure elements. In the play, witches are to be purified and ‘to come back to God’. When Mary is in court, Proctor is determined to get the judges to see what is really happening. He goes into the courts and confesses his sin of adultery with Abigail to try and make the judges see how much of a ‘whore’ she really is. He risks his well-preserved name to save his wife from being hanged. The judges have no proof: ‘In her life, sir, she have never lied. ‘ (Proctor, Act III) Here he talks of Elizabeth, and he thinks she will tell the courts the truth of the affair, but instead she thinks the courts don’t know. She worries that she is risking her husband’s well-dignified name, and lies: ‘Answer the question! Is your husband a lecher! ‘ (Danforth, Act III) ‘No, sir. ‘ (Elizabeth, Act III) Proctor gets taken into jail for perverting the course of justice: ‘Marshal! Take him and Corey with him to the jail! ‘ (Danforth, Act III) Hale realises what is happening and quits the courts. Act IV is tragic, bringing the death of the ‘hero’ of the play. Danforth is doing almost anything he can to get a confession from Proctor. For example he gets Elizabeth, his wife that he tries so hard to please, to go and talk to him. They understand what Proctor meant by all the lies. Abigail ran off the Barbados. When Proctor sees Elizabeth again, it creates a tragic atmosphere. To them it seems almost unreal, like they didn’t think they would see each other again. The short, quick sentences that they exchange give us a sense of tension: ‘You are a – marvel, Elizabeth. ‘ (Proctor, Act IV) ‘You – have been tortured? ‘ (Elizabeth, Act IV) As she asks Proctor this it proves that she wants to forgive him, and that she wants to love him again. He decides to confess about witchery, for Elizabeth’s sake. Once the confession has been written down he grabs it, saying: You have all witnessed it – it is enough. ‘ (Proctor, Act IV) He refuses to sign his confession. He doesn’t want to blacken his name anymore: ‘God knows how black my sins are! It is enough! ‘ (Proctor, Act IV) If he doesn’t give it back, or sign the confession, he will be hanged, he will be killed. Instead he rips it like, just like he did the warrant/ He decides to die. The atmosphere turns tragic and goes still. The audience’s reaction is also tragic, but also understandable – after all, that was the role of John Proctor. He chooses to die because he would blacken his name, and his children’s name – Proctor. He realises he has ruined his reputation from the affair, and that the courts in Salem were finished. He couldn’t lie anymore. He chose his own death rather than betrayal of his conscience. This shows us that he too has come through the fire to be purified, just like the pure elements extracted from the metals in a crucible.

Content Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Content Analysis - Essay Example sisting of the messages, production techniques, medium, sources quoted or referred to, and circumstance, and the job of content analysis is to inflict some kind of order on these phenomena† (Shoemaker & Reese) with the intention of explaining their meaning. The website of the ‘American Idol’ shows that it has been one of the best entertainment programs for the past nine successive seasons. â€Å"American Idols judges include Paula Abdul, accomplished choreographer and music superstar; Simon Cowell, multi hit record producer and head of A& R at BNG Records; and Randy Jackson, a Gammy Award-winning 20-year music industry veteran and former A& R executive at MCA Records† (American Idol: The Search for A Superstar 2005). The qualified age-range for competitors in American Idol is currently 15 to 28 years old. The initial age limit was 16 to 24 in the first three seasons, but the upper limit was raised to 28 in season four. It could also be seen that the lower li mit was decreased to 15 in season ten (J. Atsu Amegashie 2009) Sociological theory on medicalization recommends that women, girls and other less powerful groups are more and more subject to medicines authority over their health, bodies and lives as well. This is due to the fact that during the adolescent period girls suffer a considerable drop in their self-esteem and may become especially or particularly vulnerable to medicalization. Simon Cowelll and Paula Abdul are the two judges of American Idol. Simon Phillip Cowell is an English television producer, A&R executive, industrialist and a very popular television personality. As a judge, Cowell is recognized for his blunt and frequently controversial criticisms, wisecracks and insults regarding contestants and their performances. He is also known for synchronizing actions and events of both the music and television industries, having encouraged singles and records for various artists that have grown to become celebrities. Cowell has been engaged in

Advances in accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advances in accounting - Essay Example This research seeks to determine the relevance of OBA in an environment with high competition and the lack of cooperation between the suppliers and consumers. Most companies after exploiting most of the cost reduction methods have resorted to forming supply chains to be competitive in the market. With this, OBA was found to be necessary for reducing cost and thus raised productivity. For OBA to be successful, it requires cooperation and mutual trust between the suppliers and consumers. The researchers have noted that most companies are not willing to share important information with the buyers. This paper is important since it seeks to address the importance and challenges facing the application of OBA technique in inter-organizational cost management. Despite the challenging circumstances under which OBA is applied, the paper addresses how it can be used for the good of the parties involved and also give recommendations on how to counter the challenges involved. The paper is interesting since it involves interacting with people in the real market situation, and the findings thereof are a true reflection of what is happening in the field. The key reference literatures for this research are vi. Sharing Sensitive Information in Supply Relationships: The Flaws in One-way Open-book Negotiation and the Need for Transparency, European Management Journal by Lamming, Richard, Nigel D. Caldwell, Wendy E. Phillips, and Deborah A. Harrison (2005) The above books describe the relevance of OBA to cost reduction and the conditions for the success of the tool to cost management in IOCM. These books seek to describe the challenges facing the implementation of OBA in inter-organization cost management. The research method chosen for the study is interview. This involved interviewing purchasing experts in the first and second phases and afterward interviewed sales experts. These interviews were done using questionnaires, whereby the questionnaires were sent to

The beauty of islam art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The beauty of islam art - Essay Example The beauty of Islamic art, considering outward beauty and inward beauty, has its source in the past. The human activities are integrated to the extent into Islamic; they are a shore up for beauty that really transcends these actions for it is the Islamic beauty itself (Critch, 2004, 8). The art of Islamic receives its beauty from Islamic itself and not from any other ethic genius, and just as the science of Islamic originated in the Hadith and Qur’an, so the Islamic art typical form is rooted in the Islamic spirit. Inward beauty is the beauty of the heart or of the soul, and which necessary emanates outwards, transforming each individual action hooked on an art, and all art into Gods remembrance. As Islamic art is essential to all Muslim’s part of life and makes it beautiful, so the Islamic art ought to be used to invent the things of the everyday life with beauty. In Islamic art, the emphasis is not an art in favor of art’s sake, but it is an art on

Immunohaematology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Immunohaematology - Coursework Example 1. In the second phase of agglutination, the small particles that are suspended in the blood plasma are coalesced leading to the precipitation of the larger molecules such as proteins and blood cells. In this case, the cells become more cramped together hindering their normal operations. Stage two is normally accelerated by high antibody-antigen concentration, zeta potential and the size of antibodies. The DAGT works only in vivo sensitization by C3 or IgG. In this test, serum does not require to be added. In addition, no incubation is necessary in the test. The method involves observing the result using a microscope. The method is very common in many labs. It uses mono-specific anti-IgG for testing. The method requires the addition of serum and the results need to be incubated and hence the method is not instant. It does not require the microscope since the reaction will be observed very

Vulnerable populations in Health Care Assignment

Vulnerable populations in Health Care - Assignment Example People who are chronically ill may have respiratory diseases, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and heart disease which have sustained for longer periods of time and resulted to alterations in health or disability. Between 2000 and 2004, 87% of the U.S. population ages 65 years old and older have one or more chronic conditions while those below the age of 65 approximately 35%-45% of the U.S. population have at least one chronic medical condition (The American Journal of Managed Care, 2006, 348). Thus, people ages 65 years old and older are more vulnerable to chronic diseases and disability. Research suggest that mortality from chronic diseases is common among men while more physical restrictions due to a chronic illness are more likely to experience by women (August & Sorkin, 2010, 1834). Men gained a lot of health benefits from social integration but it is also the social-relatedness of a man that predisposes him to chronic diseases as a result of risky health behaviors such as smoking, frequent alcohol consumption, and substance abuse. Women, on the other hand, are more eager to have health-related knowledge, more likely to monitor own health status, and less likely to engage in risky health behaviors (August & Sorkin, 2010, 1834). Thus, men are more vulnerable to chronic conditions and disability compared to women. Living with a chronic condition and suffering from disability are the realities for majority of the population in the United States; however, chronic illnesses prevalence varies across racial and ethnic groups. Minority populations include African Americans, Hispanic, and Native Americans while the Caucasians are the majority population. Racial and ethnic minorities are more vulnerable to chronic illness and experience greater complications and higher death rates compared to the majority population (Gallant, Spitze & Grove, 2010, 21).

Data, database, and database management systems Essay - 2

Data, database, and database management systems - Essay Example The installation file for DB2 Express-C can be downloaded from the IBM website at no charge. It is free for everyone; so long as you register on their site. The registration process is very short and does not take a long. All that is required is the name of the subscriber, the address, and the email address to keep in touch with the company on their products and support information. This is a convenient way for the company can keep in touch with everyone who uses their database software. It is also a good way to ensure user data can be received from the registered users. The setup process is quick and the database is also easy to use too. It has capabilities that are self-managing. There is optional annual subscription for users who may need technical support from the company and any additional functionality for the software. For instance, the extra functionality that comes with the yearly subscription is the high availability data replication and clustering. DB2 Express-C server can run on any computer system irrespective of the number of processors or the amount of memory available. However, it requires 2 core processors minimum and a 2GB memory for the best performance. The operating systems it runs on are quite a handful. It is able to run on 32bit or 64 bit Linux, Windows, Solaris, and the 64 bit Intel processors on Mac OS X. The installation process is easy with clear guidelines from the dialog windows as well as in the IBM DB Express book. Any difficulty that may be experienced in installation is covered in the book. That said, when installation is complete, it is time to create a database; along with its tables, and all the fields that the tables will hold. A database name must be provided along with the number of the tables that the database is to consist of. After all the tables are created in the database with their attributes; their names, the

Math word problems Essay Example for Free

Math word problems Essay In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse side of the triangle is equal to the sum of the opposite side and adjacent sides of the triangle (Eves, 1997). This is known as the Pythagoras triangle. There are various applications of Pythagoras theorem in day-to-day situation that involves right angled triangles. An example of the application of Pythagoras theorem involving right angle triangles in day-to-day situations is in the determination of the height of a window from the foot of the ground. It is quite difficult to accurately determine the height of a window from the foot of the ground, but with the application of Pythagoras theorem this makes it easier. Assuming, we have a rigid ladder that leans against a vertical house, touching the window whose height is to be determined. This forms a right angled triangle. The distance from the base of the ladder to the foot of the building represents the adjacent side of the triangle and the length of the ladder is the hypotenuse side of the triangle, the height of the window whose length is to be determined is the opposite side of the triangle. Let the length of the ladder be represented by h, the distance between the foot of the ladder and the foot of the building be represented by a, then the height of the window from the base of the building be represented by o. Each parameter represents the hypotenuse, adjacent and the opposite sides of the triangle. Mathematically, applying Pythagoras theorem, h2= o2 + a2 The length of the window is the opposite side of the triangle and is represented by o above. Therefore making o the subject of the formulae, We have o= v (h2 – a2). So given that we know the length of the ladder and the horizontal distance between the foot of the ladder and the foot of the building, then the height of the window can be calculated using the above formulae. The application of Pythagoras theorem in the determination of the height of a window further validates the authenticity of the theorem. Reference Eves, H. (1997). Foundations and Fundamental Concepts of Mathematics. New York: Dover Publications.

The Advantages Of Personal Management Skills

The Advantages Of Personal Management Skills It is extremely important to manage ourselves in order to be a better person and achieve our goals in life. Nobody is always perfect, every one has some strengths and some weakness, but we all should look for opportunities to convert our weakness into strength. This portfolio contains every thing about me, starting from scratch till the present and also about the future. While doing this portfolio I came across many new skills about myself, I went through many management test, EQ test, verbal as well as numerical test etc. REFLECTION Reflection exercise attached in appendix- page 1 [Refer to appendix- page 1] PERSONEL ASPIRATION REVIEW BACKGROUND My name is Karan Seth, 20 years of age. I am hardworking and sincer. My school principal, where I studied for 9 years also believes that. [Refer to appendix- page 2] and believe in myself. I have never travelled anywhere without my parents untill one day my father deicided that I will be studying in London after my ‘o levels in India. WHY DID YOU CHOOSE TO STUDY FOR A DEGREE I have been studying in Delhi Public School and had english as the medium of education since my childhood. In India the education system a bit different from here in UK. The student have to decide if they wish to go for the science or the commerece stream in their 11th standards and only those students who get more than a 70% overall along with good marks in science in class 10th are allowed to opt for sicence in 11th. I was hard worker and wanted to become a engineer in future. I got 70% aggreate marks and I got 75 in science in paricular [Refer to appendix page 3], which helped in to opt for science in class 11th. Science was not as pretty as it looked. I did not realize that my apptitude was not the theories and models, instead my interest was in knowing the concepts and appling in real life. When I did not perform well, the principle gave me an option of choosing commerece, if I promised to work really hard and live up to the expectations as I will be doing two years of education in one year. I put in all my efforts worked day and night. Finally at the end the result said it all. I got [70%] almost same marks as the students studying the same course for two years in class 12th. [Refer to appendix- page 4] And 75 in business studies in particular and 64 in Economics. Therefore, getting into a Bachelors of business administration degree was because my own interst. My father being my inspiration, I decided to do something which the world should be proud of. This degree will provide me with all the skills and knowledge I need in order to become a Marketing/Finance manager. The degree is fast tracked, economical and well managed. HOW DOES THIS FIT IN YOUR LIFE CAREER PLANS The bachelors in business administration is basically the first step in the ladder to my goal in life. In order to become a manager in Finance/Marketing I had to go through this degree programm. REVIEWING OPTIONS FOR THE FUTURE For the future the next step in the ladder is doing Masters in business administration from London Business School. Persuing masters in LBS is a big deal as it requires a capital of  £42,000 [Refere appendix- page 5]and 2-3 years of working experience to get into a good university. PLANNING AHEAD In future I want to go for either Masters in business administration or do Msc in Finance. But before doing any of these courses I have to have a two years of job experince after my bachelors. So, I will apply for graduates jobs in London after my degree and gain the experience in my relevant field. SWOT ANALYSIS ON MYSELF STRENGTH: Can do attitude outgoing Determination Common sense WEAKNESS: Teamwork Presentations OPPORTUNITY: I can change my weakness to my strength by this degree. ‘Practice makes a man perfect- I will make sure that I work in teams and perform group presentations in class. THREATS: Not scoring a good mark/degree in the present course Competition in the market [future industry] Political issue regarding visa Finance PERSONEL SKILLS REVIEW â€Å"To be skilled is to be able to perform a learned activity well and at will† (Cotrell S. 2003) RITE MORE MANAGEMENT MODEL According to the management gurus including Henny Fayol , Peter Drucker, Fredrik Taylor, Marry P. Follet, Charles Hndy etc. have a certain things in common that is skills required at workplace. The key skills required at a modern workplace are: Planning, time management skills, communication skills, decision making skills, IT skills †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ MANAGEMENT SKILLS BY FAYOL WHAT MANAGEMENT SKILLS DO U HAVE In order to find out more about my management skills, I went through various managerial test in order to find out my skills. Leadership skills- The test gave out 18 attributes of leadership, which were organised into four main dimensions- Creating the future, Ideas into action, Enthusing , growing and appreciating others and clarifying values. Out of 18 my top six attributes were: Visonary, Opportunity awareness, single-mindedness, proactive, enabler and leacy builder. Out of 18, the four lowest scoring attributes were: consistent, enthuser, values champion and team builder. [Refer to appendix- page 6] I had a module of leadership and group working in college in which I secured 72% marks. The study in the module included various management and leadership rolesin the modern workplace. The assesment was on the topic that does a manager requires leadership skills. [Refer to appendix- page 7] Learning skills- I performed two learning activities, one from the Kolb learning cycle and other one from Bells learning model. Kolbs learning cycle has Activist, Reflector, Theorist and pragmatist. After performing the activity, I came to know that I am a activist. [Refer to appendix- page 8] IT skills- I had a module named IT skills in the college and I secured the highest marks in the class. It skills module included †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. IT is important in all fields. People can not even think of spending one day without IT and its applications. For a student, a laptop is his best friend as it allows him to be in touch with the world. Therefore, in order to do MBA, I have to give various online test and in my workplace as well dealing with information technology is unavoidale . [Refer to appendix- page 9] Identification and execution In order to identify the problem, one has to be very critical in his approach and analyse the data and present it in various graphs forms to have a better idea. I had a test of Data collection and interpretation in my degree in which I secured 79% which is extremely good as it will help me in case of analysing the companies financial conditions. [Refer to appendix- page 10] PERSONAL PERCEPTION AND VALUES I have a high values and morales. I believe that every one should strive and work to be the best but sometimes I do feel that competition should not be there in the society as it tends to become a burden for student who has pressure form his family and friends to do his best and beat the others, people forget that only one person can be the winner and everybody does not have the same way of thinking and cannot be best at everything as some might be good in reading, some might be good in writing. I often think about myself and future, my current skills and the ones which I need to develop. I did a few self-evaluation activities which gave me a better picture of myself, answering my current skills and qualities [Refer to appendix- page 11]. My other developed skills required in the future are: Planning- planning is deciding in advance what to do how to do and for whom is to do. It bridges the gap between where we are and we wish to be. It is required at all levels of management; it is an on going process through out our lives, which is very important from the point of view of achieving the desired goals. I makes plans even for small things like spending the vacations with friends, planning makes me feel comfortable and relaxed. During college days I use to submit all my assignments on time. This will really help me in the workplace. [Refer appendix- Page 12] Decision making- it is the process leading to the selection of a course of action among alternatives. Every decision making produces a final choice. It can be an action or an opinion. It begins when we need to do something but we do not know what therefore, decision making is a reasoning process which can be rational or irrational. Writing skills- In context to communication skill, the other developed skill which I have is writing skills, I can really express my self better in the written part of speech, I have taken part in various essay writing competitions and won the first and sometimes second prize as well. I can pen down my emotions and feeling on the paper very easily, basically while writing I can really go into the depth of the topic. Team worker- He is the person who is most aware of the needs of the team, the concern and the needs of the members. I do not feel comfortable working in groups as I feel every person has a different approach towards life and have a different set of ideas, so I do not think they are able to solve a particular problem or can reach to a final conclusion for a problem. Thus I need to develop my negative skill to positive and hence I need to develop this skill of mine. Some of my developed skills are from my school days where I used to have my daily time table table for my day to day activity, this in return helped me to become punctual and I understud the importance of time and I understood that once time passes it never comes back, therefore every second of our life is very precious. Where as regarding my decision making skill, I developed at my work place, when ever I have been given more work to do at one time, the I have to set my own priorities of work, which means I had to take decisions on my own as to which work should I do first keeping in mind their importance and dead line. As far as writing skills are concerned I can really express my self better in the written part of speech, I have taken part in various essay writing competitions and won prizes. I can pen down my emotions and feeling on the paper very easily and I can write along with thinking about it. CARRER PLANNING Vocational qualifications In future, I need some more knowledge and education in order to apply for Masters in Finance, I need to do a course apart from my Business degree, some courses like ACCA and in case of Marketing I might have to do CIM- Charted institute of Marketing. Both are flexible courses and are well recognised in their own fields all over the world. CIM- It is Europes leading provider of marketing ans sales courses. The aim of CIM is to develop individuals marketing and sales skills through distance learning courses. It is the worlds largest marketing body working with the marketing profession, government and industry to develop International business. ACCA- It is a world class body of knowledge, in every 8 minutes someone registers as an ACCA student in the world. ACCA has been established for more than 100 years now and gain a standard reputation in the field of professional education. Fee structure of CIM as per course COURSES INTERNATINAL APPICATION UK APPLICANTION Intro Certificate in Marketing  £85  £120 Prof Certificate in Marketing  £85 120 Prof Diploma in Marketing  £125  £160 Prof Postgradz Diploma  £165  £200 In ACCA, the course length depends upon the candidate and the fee depends on the length of the course and the exams taken. THE WORLD OF WORK JOB MARKET ANALYSIS In future I would either gofor RETAIL INDUSTRY. Marketing or finance. Since, I have been working as a sales advisor in Marks Spenser from more than two year and people know me as well. The management is happy with my performance as I has a pay raise. Sometimes when there is no supervisor, I also perform the role of a supervisor in their absence. In my near future I would like to get into Retail industry with either finance or Marketing sector. [Refer appendix: pagge 13] Paradigm Shift for Retail Focus Over the last decade or so, retailers world over have focused their resources to create efficiencies in their sourcing, supply chains and store operations with the purpose of reducing the operating costs and maintaining a hold on their thin margins. [http://www.dmreview.com/dmdirect/20060707/1057744-1.html ] The list of the biggest retailers in the world is dominated by the grocers: Wal-Mart (USA) Carrefour (France) The Home Depot (USA) METRO Group (Germany) Tesco (UK) SWOT STRENGTH: Retal is the second-largest industry both in number of employees as well as number of establishments in US. The industry generates $3.8 trillion in retail sales annual. The largest retailer in the world is Wal-Mart with more than $312 billion sales per year. Wal-Mart employees 400,000 employees all over the world, including 1.3 milion in US itself. WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY The retail market in the UK is considered to be mature so it is unlikely to see the large expansion that occurred in the 1980s. Large retailers are likely to remain the dominant players while trying to increase their market share through mergers and acquisitions. Premium operators such as John Lewis, Waitrose and Marks Spencer, with their focus on high-value, high-quality, diversified product range and customer service, will also continue their strong trading performance. New systems will enable retailers to find out how shoppers choose goods. Cameras catch the customers gaze and determine the effect of particular colours, special offers and placing, as well as how many brands are considered and for how long. THREATS : Internet shopping soared by 50% in the ten weeks leading up to Christmas 2005 and shoppers spent  £4.9billion online in the same. Consumers are expanding their horizons in terms of the products theyre willing to shop for online, with clothes, health and beauty, books and CDs being the main drivers. Safety and security is a concern for retailers and consumers. Secure browsers and sophisticated websites will alleviate these fears in the future. Internet shopping will not, however, spell the end for shops. People will continue to see shopping in stores as an enjoyable social event. FACTS FIGURES: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/ According to the national Statistics, done in June 2005 the rtail industry has employed 2.9 million people which is 1 in every 9 or 11% of the working UK population. UK retail sales were approximately  £260billion in 2005. 11% of all VAT-registered businesses in the UK are retailers, with the total number currently at 180,875. UK retail sales were  £265 billion in 2007, larger than the combined economies of Denmark and Portugal. Retail sales account for 1/5 of the UK economy. The retail sector generates almost 8% of the Gross Domestic Product of the UK. More than a third of consumer spending goes through shops. Sales over the internet account for less than 4% of total retail sales, despite strong growth in recent years. The retail industry employed over 3.0 million people as at the end of December 2007. This equates to 11% of the total UK workforce. Over the last five years, employment in retailing has grown by 50,402 CHANGING WORKPLACE CARRER PATHS CURRENT AND FUTURE WORK PATTERNS PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN FIVE AREAS TO DEVELOP N SET S.M.A.R.T TARGET A personal development plan helps a student to : Improve their general skills for study and career development. Become more effective independent and confident self-directed learners. Encourage continous / lifelong learning and take self responsibility. Identify their strength and weaknesses. Area of skill behaviour you would like to develop further. Why it is important to you in relation to your ambitions. How you will work on this development. Who or what can help or support you in this respect. Numerical skills [Refer to appendix page: 14] [Refer to appendix page: 15] class teachers boli good tha . Verbal skills [Refer to appendix page: 16] Want to work as a finance/marketing manager. I need good communicational skills and good command over my vocabulary in order to communicate with my clients at workplace. The inter-personal skills mainly develops by practice, the more we communicate with people, more effect we will have in our language, so I will start giving presentations, taking part in all kinds of debate competition as well. I can only help Myself to improve over my less developed inter-personal skills. As nobody else know me better than myself. [Refer to appendix page: 14] Time management [Refer to appendix page: 17, 18] . s S S [Refer to appendix page: 19] [Refer to appendix page: 20] Team-work skils [Refer to appendix page: 6] S S S PSYCHOMETRIC TEST The types of psychometric test are: Ability test- Ability test measure a persons potential, for instance to learn the skills needed for a new jobor to cope up with the demands of a training course. Test is divded into four main sections- numerical ability, verbal ability, non-verbal ability and spatial ability. An example of ability test would be GAT- General Ability Test. Aptitude test- An aptitude test os more job specific. These test tend to be job related and have names that include jo title such as the programmers Aptitude Series (SHL). [Refer to appendix page: 16] Personality test- Some people have distunguish features from others, which maked them unique MBTI TEST [Refer appendix- page 21] EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE or EQ [220] Emotional Intelligent as defined by Thorndike, is ‘the ability to understand and relate to people. Daniel Goleman (1996) says ‘the capacity for recognising our own feeling and those of others, for motivating ourselves and for managing emotions well in ourself and in others. Now, EQ is totally different from the cognitive intelligence, i.e. IQ. IQ is a measure of an individuals personalinformation bank- ones memory, vocabulary and visual motor co-ordination. Emotional Intelligence involves: Knowing the appropiate feeling for the circumstances. Experiancing the appropiate feeling for the circumstances Expressing feeling apprpiate to the circumstances. Making opportunities to express feelings [Refer to appendix page: 22] (S. Cottrell, 2003) CV APPENDIX Curriculum Vitae KARAN SETH 30,GURNEY ROAD, STRATFORD, LONDON. E15 1SH PHONE: 07930464295 EMAIL: [emailprotected] NATIONALITY: Indian DATE OF BIRTH: 13/10/1987 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS: Year Qualifications School/College/University 2006-2008 BA (HONS) Business Management University of Wales, Lampeter 2006 Higher Secondary Examinations (10+2) Delhi Public School, Kanpur 2004 Secondary Examinations (year 10) Delhi Public School, Kanpur WORK EXPERIENCE: March 2007, Marks Spenser, London, UK Team Leader / Sales Advisor Ensures services provided by the department are always carried out to defined standard with the utmost efficiency, consistency and courtesy as detailed in the department operational manual. To handle all customer complaints and inquiries in a courteous and efficient manner, following through to make sure problems are resolved satisfactorily. To ensure that all employees in the outlet deliver the brand promise and provide exceptional guest service at all times. To assist in the inventory management and ongoing maintenance of stocks and inventory taking as required. Training of new joinees according to the standards laid down by Marks Spenser. Maintaining positive guest and colleague interaction with good working relationships. Monitoring operating supplies and reduce spoilage and wastage. Ensures the place of work surrounding area is hygienic and organized at all times. Motivating and leading a team of committed professionals to achieve 100% in customer service. Worked part-time as a Food and Beverage Assistant at Landmark, Kanpur, India, 2005 ACHIEVEMENTS Secured 1ST class in the college in BBA in the present term. Secured above 70% in aggregate all through the educational tenure. Served as the President of the Student Union in the year 2004 -2006 at Delhi Public School, India. Won many Inter-school Sports and debate competitions in India. PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES: Excellent communication skills, good Inter-personal skills and a proactive problem solver. Value teamwork, have good team building skills and can communicate effectively with all levels of employees. Customer-oriented, friendly, honest, fair and approachable. Have a positive â€Å"can do† attitude, highly motivated, innovative, passionate and seeking opportunity to be multi-skilled and trained. Established leadership skills cultivated through intensive training as a Management Trainee. Ability to adapt to changing environment and desire to work on new projects. High degree of integrity. Possess the ability to perform best under pressure. DOCUMENTS ATTACHED SHL verbal test Emotional Intelligence Numerical test MBTI- myers -brigs Reflection exercise Time management Self evaluation- current skillls Inventory profile for management skills Learning styles inventory School document Marksheet class 12 Marketsheet class 10 Reference letters- teacher and principle Assignment feedback sheets Stress diary Pay raise letter with pay slip useful links Cottrell Stella (1999). The study skills handbook. Published by : Palgrave Macmillan. in New York . US. Cottrell Stella (2003). Skills for success. Published by: Palgrave Macmillian. New York , US. http://www.ucc.vt.edu/stdyhlp.html [TIME N STUDY SKILLS] http://www.quintcareers.com/career_assessment.html [COLLECTION OF MANY TEST . GOOD ONE ] http://careerplanning.about.com/od/careertests/Free_Self_Assessment_Tools_Online.htm [OK OK] TEST LINKZ: http://www.inspiredleadership.org.uk/ [NUMERICAL N VERBAL] http://www.myskillsprofile.com/ [LEADERSHIP, EMOTIONAL INTELL, TEAM ROLES, PERSONALITY PROFILE, ] [HAVE TO PAY] http://retailindustry.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJsdn=retailindustrycdn=moneytm=1108gps=182_807_868_568f=21su=p554.2.150.ip_tt=11bt=1bts=1zu=http%3A//www.brc.org.uk/latestdata.asp%3FiCat%3D52%26sCat%3DRETAIL%2bKEY+FACTS [facts n fingures] http://www.dmreview.com/dmdirect/20060707/1057744-1.html http://retailindustry.about.com/od/abouttheretailindustry/p/retail_industry.htm http://www.shoppertrak.com/index.php http://www.ca.courses-careers.com/retail.htm http://www.prospects.ac.uk/cms/ShowPage/Home_page/Explore_job_sectors/Retail/overview/p!egiLLL http://www.personalitypathways.com/dom-ni.html http://www.personalitypathways.com/ http://www.ucc.vt.edu/stdyhlp.html [IMAGE FROM LINK] management model ‘Fayols 14 principles;

Investigation of Aspirin Overdose Using Salicylate Assay

Investigation of Aspirin Overdose Using Salicylate Assay Introduction Aspirin is the most widely used over-the-counter drug in the world. The average tablet contains about 325 milligrams of acetylsalicylic. Aspirin is used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. Aspirin originally was derived by boiling the bark of the white willow tree. Although the salicin in willow bark has palliative properties, purified salicylic acid was bitter and irritating when taken orally. Phenylsalicylate could be produced by modifying Salicylic acid which resulted in better tasting and less irritating outcomes. Felix Hoffman and Arthur Eichengrà ¼n first produced the active ingredient in aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, in 1893. However, Hippocrates wrote about a bitter powder extracted from willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fevers during the fifth century B.C 200 ml well mixed stomach contents (Sample A)- Transparent Yellow 200 ml hydrolysed stomach contents (Sample B)- Purple 200 ml urine (Sample D)- Light Purple 200 ml negative control (water)- Transparent Yellow 200 ml positive control (400 mg /ml sodium salicylate)- Purple Solution i and iv which where stomach content and negative control turned Transparent Yellow this means, No change, Negative test. Solutions ii and v turned purple which means that the test where portative for high aspirin traces. Solution iii turned Light Purple which means that slight trances of aspirin are shown the sample. Salicylic acid is a weak acid, and very little as its ionized in the stomach after oral consumption. Acetylsalicylic acid is poorly soluble in the acidic conditions of the stomach, which can setback amalgamation of high doses for 8 to 24 hours. In addition to the increased pH of the small intestine, aspirin is rapidly absorbed due to the increased surface area, which results in allowing more of the salicylate to dissolve. However, aspirin is absorbed much more slowly during overdose, and plasma concentrations can continue to rise for up to 24 hours after ingestion. As much as 80% of therapeutic doses of salicylic acid are metabolized in the liver. Renal excretion of salicylic acid becomes ever more important as the metabolic pathways become saturated, because it is extremely responsive to changes in urinary pH. There is a 10 to 20 fold increase in renal clearance when urine pH is increased from 5 to 8. The use of urinary alkalinization utilizes this particular aspect of salicylate elimination. From the deductions that can be from by results and investigations, it shows that aspirin is absorbed via the small intestine, which then transported to the blood serum. Waste product is transported to urea and disposed via renal excretion. Therefore more aspirin is present in the serum, that why forms a precipitate and the urine dose not as much of it is waste product. The acutely toxic dose of aspirin is commonly regard as greater than 150  mg per kg of body mass. Moderate toxicity occurs at doses up to 300  mg/kg, severe toxicity occurs between 300 to 500  mg/kg, and a potentially lethal dose is greater than 500  mg/kg. Chronic toxicity may arise subsequently to doses of 100  mg/kg per day for two or more days. Around 3 grams per day in divided doses for rheumatoid arthritis is recommended. Serum salicylate levels may be useful in guiding therapeutic decisions regarding dosage. Serum salicylate levels of 150 to 300 mcg/mL are associated with anti-inflammatory response. However, the incidence of toxicity increases with salicylate levels greater than 200 mcg/mL. This patients salicylate concentration level levels where 400 mcg/mL. Therefore I believe this person was overdosing on aspirin. The key objectionable side effects of aspirin are tinnitus, gastrointestinal ulcers and stomach bleeding contestably in higher doses; this is due to aspirin irritating the stomach lining. In youngsters, aspirin is no longer used to control flu-like symptoms or the symptoms of other viral illnesses, because of the risk of Reyes syndrome. Another common side effect of aspirin is heart burn, this can occur at low doses. Aspirin was once used as an anti-inflammatory drug as well as a pain killer. This results in the medication working as a block pain. For example, when a person has a headache, it is often the result in restriction in the blood vessels of the brain. Aspirin reduces the swelling and also thins down the blood to help with blood flow through the vessels; this help in reducing pain and prevention of recurring when the painkiller properties of aspirin wear off. Aspirin is also effective in reducing fevers. People who have a history of heart problems and those at risk of heart attacks are often advised by doctors to take daily doses of aspirin as a preventative measure. The blood thinning properties of aspirin can save a life in the event of a heart emergency by helping some blood to pass through the body until a clot or blockage can be treated. Aspirin is also a known anti-coagulant, which means that it helps to keep the blood thin and prevents clotting. Anti-coagulant is used to prevent blood clots forming within the blood vessels; this can cause heart attack, stroke or other circulatory system problems.

Kubla Khan by Samuel Taylor Coleridge Essay -- Kubla Khan Samuel Taylo

â€Å"Kubla Khan† by Samuel Taylor Coleridge â€Å"Kubla Khan† by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is a poem about the creative powers of the poetic mind. Through the use of vivid imagery Coleridge reproduces a paradise-like vision of the landscape and kingdom created by Kubla Khan. The poem changes to the 1st person narrative and the speaker then attempts to recreate a vision he saw. Through the description of the visions of Kubla Khan’s palace and the speaker’s visions the poem tells of the creation of an enchanting beautiful world as the result of power of human imagination. The second part of the poem reveals that although the mind has the ability to create this paradise-like world it is tragically unable to sustain this world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is believed that â€Å"Kubla Khan† was created by Coleridge when he was in a deep sleep that was induced by the use of opiates which were prescribed for dysentery. He fell asleep while reading Purcha’s Pilgrimage about building of Kubla Khan’s palace and garden. When he woke up from experiencing the dream in which he created the poem he began writing it down. He was part way through writing the poem and was interrupted by a person from the nearby town of Porlock. After this interruption he was unable to complete the poem because his access to the dream was lost. The unfinished work was not published for three decades. Much mystery has enshrouded â€Å"Kubla Khan† and it’s meaning due to the circumstances of it’s creation. The poem itself is as mystical and interesting as the story behind its creation. The poem begins with a mythical tone, â€Å"In Xanadu did Kubla Khan/ A stately pleasure dome decree.† The poem does not give specifics to nature of the construction of the palace. It just states that Khan decreed the palace be built and then begins describing the palace. The poem’s method of creating a vision of the â€Å"pleasure dome† is similar to the biblical tale of the creation of the garden of Eden. As Eden was created by the word of God, the â€Å"pleasure dome† created was by the power of Kubla Khan’s â€Å"decree†. The use of the word â€Å"decree† implies that it was Khan’s will that created the pleasure dome. The wonderful kingdom of the ancient Kubla Khan and the setting that surrounds it is described with heavenly, dreamlike vividness. The kingdom that Kubla Khan creates is described as â€Å"stately pleasure dome.† The word â€Å"dome† is symbolic of completion... ...lost and is a mythical heaven. This woman is described as Abyssinian. Abyssinian literally refers to the inhabitants of a place in Northern Africa, but use of word â€Å"Abyssinian† also implies the word â€Å"abyss†. The speaker must revive the heavenly song, sung by the maid, inside himself to â€Å"build that dome in the air.† Just as the sacred river from the abyss makes possible of the creation of Kubla, the heavenly song of the Abyssinian makes possible the creation of the speaker’s â€Å"pleasure dome†. The speaker then speculates on reaction of people over his creation. He states that â€Å"all should cry, Beware, Beware!/ His flashing eyes his floating hair/Weave a Circle round him thrice/ And close your eyes with holy dread,†. The reaction of awe and terror that people have to the speaker’s heavenly vision demonstrates the power that the speaker feels is contained in that vision. â€Å"Kubla Khan† by Samuel Taylor Coleridge reveals the awesome power of the imaginative poetic mind. This poetic mind has the ability to create kingdoms, paradise, immortality, and the sacred. This poem reveals the terrifying magnificence of the visions of imagination and the impact of these visions amongst humanity.

Catcher In The Rye: Everybodys A Phony :: essays research papers

Everybody’s A Phony J. D. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is a very well known piece of the twentieth century. It’s a story about a seventeen-year-old boy, Holden Caufield, who experiences some interesting things and people upon his being expelled from Pencey Prep. School. From having breakfast with a couple of nuns on a bus, to spending an evening with a far from seraphic prostitute, Holden handles each situation the best way he can. However, most of the people Holden encounters, he deems innately phony; Holden thinks almost everyone is a phony. Holden discusses how phony his headmaster at Elkton Hills, Mr. Haas, was when he was there: [Mr. Haas] was the phoniest bastard I ever met in my life . . .. On Sundays, for instance, old Haas went around shaking hands with everybody’s parents when they drove up to school. He’d be charming as hell and all. Except if some boy had little old funny-looking parents. . . . I mean if a boy’s mother was sort of fat or corny-looking or something, and if somebody’s father was one of those guys that wear those suits with big shoulders and corny black-and-white shoes, then old Haas would just shake hands with them and give half and hour with somebody else’s parents (13-14). To Holden, it was blatantly clear that Mr. Haas was just putting on act to please the parents who showed up. He thought that everyone should be himself and not wear stupid facades.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden Caulfield lived in the Ossenburger Memorial Wing in his dormitory. That hall was only for juniors and seniors. The dorms were named after this person named Ossenburger who also went to Pencey Prep. School a long time ago. After Ossenburger got out of Pencey, he made a lot of money in the undertaking business, and he gave a pittance to the school. That pittance is why the hall was named after him. Then the next morning, Ossenburger gave a speech to the students of Pencey Prep. about how he was never ashamed when he was in some kind of trouble, but he would get right down on his knees and pray to God, and that you should always talk to God wherever you are. Ossenburger said to think of God as your friend. Caulfield got a kick out of this speech thinking how he could â€Å"Just see this phony bastard .

Film as a Subject of Study Essay

The tremendous expense involved in producing motion pictures reminds us that film is both an Industry, and an Art. Each film is the child of a turbulent marriage between businessmen and artists. Yet despite an ongoing battle between aesthetic and commercial considerations, film is now recognized as a unique and powerful art form on a par with Painting, Sculpture, Music, Literature, and Drama. As a form of human expression, the moving picture is similar to other artistic media, for the basic properties of other media are woven into its own rich fabric. Film employs the compositional elements of the visual arts: line, form, mass, volume and texture. Like painting and photography, film exploits the subtle interplay of light and shadow. Like sculpture, film manipulates three-dimensional space. But, like pantomime, film focuses on moving images, and as in dance, the moving images in film have rhythm. The complex rhythms of film resemble those of music and poetry; and like poetry in particular, film communicates through imagery, metaphor, and symbol. Like drama, film communicates visually and verbally : visually, through action and gesture; verbally, through dialogue. Finally, like the novel, film expands or compresses time and space, traveling back and forth freely within their wide border. Despite these similarities, film is unique. 1. It is set apart from all other media by its quality of free and constant motion. The continuous interplay of sight, sound, and motion allows film to transcend the static limitations of painting and sculpture – in the complexity of its sensual appeal as well as in its ability to communicate simultaneously on several levels. Film even surpasses drama in its unique capacity for revealing various points of view, portraying action, manipulating time, and conveying a boundless sense of space. 2. Unlike the stage play, film can provide a continuous, unbroken flow, which blurs and minimizes transitions without compromising the story’s unity. Unlike the novel and the poem, film communicates directly, not through abstract symbols like words on a page but through concrete images and sounds. What’s more, film can treat an almost infinite array of subjects. 3. There is almost nothing that the eye might behold or the ear hear, in actuality or imagination, which can’t be represented in the medium of film. From the North and South poles to the Equator, from the Himalayas as a vast mountain range to the minutest flaw in a piece of steel, from the whistling flight of a bullet to the slow growth of a flower, from the flicker of though across an almost impassive face to the frenzied ravings of a madman, there is no point in space no degree of magnitude or speed of movement within the apprehension of man which is not within reach of the film. To simplify what I’m getting at, recall the many faces of Gabbar Singh in the film Sholay, and you recall the power of film. 4. The Elasticity of Time in a Film Film is unlimited not only in its choice of subject but also in its approach to that material. A film can look to the remote past or probe the distant future; it can make a few seconds seem like hours or compress a whole century into minutes. Film can run the gamut of feeling from the most fragile, tender, and beautiful to the most brutal, violent, and repulsive. 5. Of even greater importance than film’s unlimited range in subject matter, however, is the overwhelming Sense of Reality it can convey. The continuous stream of sight, sound, and motion creates a here-and-now excitement that immerses the viewer in the cinematic experience. Thus, through film, fantasy assumes the shape and emotional impact of Reality. The technological history of film can in fact be viewed as an ongoing evolution toward greater realism, toward erasing the border between art and nature, between fiction and reality. In sum, Film is a uniquely powerful combination of the Seven Arts. II A. In the two pages above, a way of looking at films has been offered which says that films are more than just an entertaining way to pass the time. There is an art, and a science to them, which usually goes unnoticed. When you begin to notice these two dimensions, your understanding of cinema will be much smarter and sharper. To take an example, please go back to pt. 2 above, and especially the observation that film does not communicate ‘through abstract symbols’. How then does it communicate? The answer : through concrete, flesh and blood symbols. With the help of camera angles and special lighting, almost everything becomes symbolic on film. The protagonists’ hair style, dimpled cheeks, the clothes they wear, the voice in which they speak, the way they walk, the way they smoke, the solitary glass on a table, the chair, the curtain – anything and everything can be loaded with extra meaning in a film shot, and through the device of repetition be made symbolic. For instance if you see the empty glass on the same table in more than one scene, it becomes symbolic. B. Let us now go to pt. 5 which stresses the power of the camera in creating a ‘sense of reality’. This is the cinematic experience, in a nutshell. You may be watching computer-created beings as in the Hollywood film Avatar, but they succeed in feeling and sounding like humans. The same perhaps can be said about the Tiger in the film The Life of Pi. This ability to convey the sense of reality endows the filmmaker with tremendous power – which can be used to great public benefit, or it can be abused. Try and think of examples of both use and abuse†¦

Different Forms Of Ownership

A business that is carried on by a sole proprietorship is owned by one person, who also usually runs and manages the business. There may or may not be people working in the business these are referred to as employees of the business and the owner is the employer. The sole proprietorship receives all profits and is legally required to bear and satisfy all losses personally. The sole proprietorship is personally liable for debts of the business. So that, the sole proprietorship has unlimited liability to repay amounts owing, or debts, of the business.For example, if the business incurs debts resulting from a warranty claim, then the individual will be held responsible for those debts, and any claims will be made against the individual’s personal assets. As well, sole proprietorships are taxed under the personal tax system. The sole proprietorship it is easy to set up and may only require registration of the business name and is free to run the business as he or she thinks best a nd is not answerable to a boss. As for the name of the business, the name of the owner or any other name may be used.Normally, a sole proprietorship business requires a small amount of capital to start with, compared with other forms of business entities. Examples of sole proprietorship businesses are tailor shops, beauty saloons, restaurants, launderettes and mini market. Partnership is an association of two or more persons or entities that carry on business as partners. The partners usually run and manage the business. However, there may be a silent partner who does not take any part in the running of the business even though they have contributed capital to the partnership.In a partnership, each partner is personally liable for all debts incurred by the business; in the event of the firm’s failure, each partner’s personal assets are jeopardized. In the partnership, the partners should have a legal agreement that sets forth how decisions will be made, profits will be shared, disputes will be resolved, how future partners will be admitted to the partnership, how partners can be bought out, and what steps will be taken to dissolve the partnership when needed. There are two basics forms of partnerships, general and limited.In a general partnership, all partners have unlimited liability, while in a limited partnership, at least one partner has liability limited only to his or her investment while at least one other partner has full liability. Examples of partnership are law or accounting firms, medical or dental practices In partnership that are many kind of partner, for example: Ostensible Partner: Active and known as a partner. Secret Partner: Active but not known or held out as a partner. Dormant Partner: Inactive and not known or held out as a partner. Silent Partner: Inactive (but may be known to be a partner)Nominal Partner: Not a true partner in any sense, not being a party to the partnership agreement. However, a nominal partner holds him o r herself out as a partner, or permits others to make such representation by the use of his/her name or otherwise A company is a separate legal entity formed under the Corporations Act 2001. Commonly, its owners are called shareholders and their ownership interests are represented by shares in the company. The separate legal status of the company has many implications for the entity. First, the company can enter into contracts, incur debts and pay taxes independently of its owners.The owners pay individual taxes only on the company profit paid out to them in the form of salaries, bonuses and dividends. The shareholders are not liable for the company’s debts once the shares they hold have been paid for in full. For example, if a company issued $1 shares, with 60 cents payable on application and the remaining 40 cents payable by future installments, the shareholders’ liability in the event of the company collapsing would be remaining 40 cents on each share they own. This feature is known as limited liability; that is, their obligation is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on their shares.As a separate legal entity, a company has many of the rights, duties and responsibilities of a natural person. It can, through its agents, buy, own and sell property in its own name and engage in business activities by entering into contracts with others. It has legal status in a court and can sue and be sued, is legally responsible for its liabilities, and must pay income tax just as a natural person does. Different type of business ownership has different type of characteristics, what is the different between each other?The major different characteristics of each other are tax consideration, liability, duration, ease and cost of set up. Tax Consideration The sole proprietorship any income to the business is treated as income to the business owner and all income is reported on individual tax return, and is taxed in the year it is received. Business deductions a re permitted. While in partnership, a Partnership Agreement can allocate the profits or losses in any ratio agreed to between the partners but if there is no Agreement, the profits must be allocated equally.Business deductions are taken by the partnership before the income is distributed to the partners and claimed on their personal tax returns. The profit of a company is taxed to the company when earned, and then is taxed to the shareholders when distributed as dividends. This creates a double tax. The corporation does not get a tax deduction when it distributes dividends to shareholders. Shareholders cannot deduct any loss of the corporation. Liability In Sole proprietors have unlimited liability and are legally responsible for all debts against the business. Their business and personal assets are at risk.In Partnership, partners are liable for all the debts of the business and the full amount of these debts can be collected from one or more of the partners rather than the debt be ing equally shared. Partners can also be held liable for acts committed by one of their partners in the normal course of business. Owners of a Company have the liability protection of a corporation. That is because, the company exists as a separate entity much like a corporation. A company member cannot be held personally liable for debts unless they have signed a personal guarantee. Ownership interestsOwnership interests in a company may be sold to third parties without disturbing the continued operation of the business. A sole proprietorship or partnership, on the other hand, cannot be sold whole Duration The sole proprietorship remains in existence for as long as the owner is willing or able to stay in business. When the owner dies, the sole proprietorship no longer exists. The assets and liabilities of the business become part of the owner's estate. A sole proprietor can freely transfer a business by selling all or a portion of the assets of the business.In partnership the busin ess organization ends with death, incapacity, withdrawal or bankruptcy of any partner, unless otherwise agreed to in a Partnership Agreement. In company form a continuity of life, it has the power to exist forever and, therefore, is unaffected by the death of an owner or manager or by the transfer of ownership interests. Ease and cost of set up The sole proprietorship and partnership it is easy to set up and may register a trade name to promote its products and services. While in company, a company must be registered with the Registrar of Companies.Company cost more to set up and run than a sole proprietorship or partnership. For example, there are the initial formation fees, filing fees and annual state fees. However, these costs are partially offset by lower insurance costs. Flexible Beside that, a partnership may be relatively more flexible in the decision making process than in a corporation. But, it may be less so than in a sole proprietorship. That is because sole proprietorsh ip management is able to respond quickly to business needs in the form of day to day management decisions as governed by various laws and good sense.Capital Rising A corporation has many avenues to raise capital. It can sell shares of stock and create new types of stock, such as preferred stock, with different voting or profit characteristics. Partnership difficult to rising additional capital but easier than sole proprietorship, that is because, sole proprietorship are the only owner, therefore can’t sell any shares to fund business growth, and banks are more skeptical about lending money to sole proprietorships. There are several advantages to being a sole proprietorship.First, the sole proprietorship entity is a quick, inexpensive and easy form of business to establish, and can be inexpensive to wind down. In this type of business, there are no specific business taxes paid by the company. The owner pays taxes on income from the business as part of personal income tax payme nts. A sole proprietor has complete control and decision-making power over the business, and is therefore free to choose the direction of the business and it strategies and policies.Sale or transfer can take place at the discretion of the sole proprietor. Sole proprietorship can control all the asset and money of business and can take  money out of company for personal use at any time, as long as make sure the business bills are paid. Sole proprietorship is relative freedom from government control. The further advantage is that the owner claims all the profits of the business. There are several disadvantages to being a sole proprietorship. Sole proprietorship’s business is not a separate legal entity. Therefore, if the business is involved in any form of legal dispute, the individual owner has unlimited liability, which means the sole proprietor of the business can be held personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business.Additionally, this risk extends to any liabilities incurred as a result of acts committed by employees of the company. The sole proprietorship relatively limited viewpoint and experience that is because sole proprietorship is limited by the skill, time and investment of the individual owner. Sole proprietorship are unstable business life, the enterprise may be crippled or terminated upon illness or death of the owner. There are several advantages to being a partnership. First, the partnerships are relatively easy to set up however time should be invested in developing the partnership agreement.Partnership files informational tax return. Partnership income is reportable and taxed on partners’ personal income tax returns. The main advantage of a partnership over a sole proprietorship is that the partnership combines the skills, talents, and knowledge of two or more people, and all partners have equal rights in the management of the partnership business The main disadvantages of partnership are partnership is charac terized by unlimited liability. Therefore, the partners are fully responsible for all business debts and obligations, irrespective of their involvement in the entity.The partnership form has a limited life therefore it may end with death, incapacity, withdrawal or bankruptcy of any partner. A great number of partnerships find themselves involved in disputes because of disagreements concerning profit sharing or decision making for the business. Partnership is limited financial therefore it may only borrow money or use partners’ savings. Must be dissolved and reformed to admit additional partners wishing to invest. A further disadvantage is known as mutual agency. Mutual agency is every partner acts as an agent for the partnership and for every other partner.Therefore, a partner can represent the other partners and bind them to a contract if he or she is acting within the apparent scope of the business. Partnership is relative difficulty in obtaining large sums of capital. This is particularly true of long term financing when compared to a corporation. However, by using individual partners' assets, opportunities are probably greater than in a proprietorship. The main advantages of forming a company is the limited liability protection provided to its owners. Because a corporation is considered a separate legal entity, the shareholders have limited liability for the corporation's debts.The personal assets of shareholders are not at risk for satisfying corporate debts or liabilities. Companies are attractive investment. The built-in stock structure of a corporation makes it attractive to investors. The company form has a continuity of life, it has the power to exist forever and, therefore, is unaffected by the death of an owner or manager or by the transfer of ownership interests. Other advantages of company is taxation, owners of a company only pay taxes on company profits paid to them in the form of salaries, bonuses, and dividends. The company pays taxes, at the company rate, on any profits.Companies also have the ability to raise large amounts of capital through public share offerings. Companies have a set management structure. The owners of a company are shareholders, who elect a Board of Directors, which then elects the officers. Other than the election of directors, shareholders do not participate in the operations of the company. There are several disadvantages to the company form of business structure. First, the company is more expensive and time-consuming to establish. Companies are monitored by federal, state and some local agencies, and as a result may have more paperwork to comply with regulations.Company set up cost are expansive that is because company have to pay many fees to set up the business there are the initial formation fees, filing fees and annual state fees. Beside that, paperwork is a huge component of the company formalities that must followed. For example, business bank accounts and records must be maintain ed and kept separate from personal accounts and assets. . In company may result in higher overall taxes. C corporations have potential double-tax consequences — once when the company makes its profit, and a second time when dividends are paid to shareholders.S corporations can mitigate this tax issue. Company is disclosure of names of corporate officers and directors. Most states do not require that names of shareholders be a matter of public record; however, many states require that the names and addresses of corporate officers and directors be listed on one or more documents filed with the Secretary of State. The proper corporate formalities of organizing and running a corporation must be followed, to receive the benefits of being a corporation. I preferred form a sole proprietorship. Sole proprietorship business has many advantages suitable to form in Malaysia.First, a sole proprietorship is the most basic of all forms of business ownerships. Many small businesses are sole proprietorships. Next, a sole proprietorship is easy to establish compare to partnership and company. Sole proprietorship doesn’t have to do anything special or file papers to set one up. Sole proprietorship typically requires few if any legal documents and minimal record keeping. Beside that, sole proprietorship may register a trade name to promote its products and services. The sole proprietorship is not a taxable entity.Income from the organization is simply added to the owner’s personal income to determine taxable income. Sole proprietorship only one person involved in the business therefore it is easy to dissolve if and when the person decides to stop operating as a business. A sole proprietorship is the least expensive type of business structure to establish. There is no need for a lawyer or for an excessive amount of money to be set aside in order to pay a number of fees. Corporations are much more expensive to start up. Therefore, sole proprietorship can be st arted fairly easily with minimal capital requirements. Different Forms of Ownership A business that is carried on by a sole proprietorship is owned by one person, who also usually runs and manages the business. There may or may not be people working in the business these are referred to as employees of the business and the owner is the employer. The sole proprietorship receives all profits and is legally required to bear and satisfy all losses personally. The sole proprietorship is personally liable for debts of the business. So that, the sole proprietorship has unlimited liability to repay amounts owing, or debts, of the business.For example, if the business incurs debts resulting from a warranty claim, then the individual will be held responsible for those debts, and any claims will be made against the individual’s personal assets. As well, sole proprietorships are taxed under the personal tax system. The sole proprietorship it is easy to set up and may only require registration of the business name and is free to run the business as he or she thinks best a nd is not answerable to a boss. As for the name of the business, the name of the owner or any other name may be used.Normally, a sole proprietorship business requires a small amount of capital to start with, compared with other forms of business entities. Examples of sole proprietorship businesses are tailor shops, beauty saloons, restaurants, launderettes and mini market. Partnership is an association of two or more persons or entities that carry on business as partners. The partners usually run and manage the business. However, there may be a silent partner who does not take any part in the running of the business even though they have contributed capital to the partnership.In a partnership, each partner is personally liable for all debts incurred by the business; in the event of the firm’s failure, each partner’s personal assets are jeopardized. In the partnership, the partners should have a legal agreement that sets forth how decisions will be made, profits will be shared, disputes will be resolved, how future partners will be admitted to the partnership, how partners can be bought out, and what steps will be taken to dissolve the partnership when needed. There are two basics forms of partnerships, general and limited.In a general partnership, all partners have unlimited liability, while in a limited partnership, at least one partner has liability limited only to his or her investment while at least one other partner has full liability. Examples of partnership are law or accounting firms, medical or dental practices In partnership that are many kind of partner, for example: Ostensible Partner: Active and known as a partner. Secret Partner: Active but not known or held out as a partner. Dormant Partner: Inactive and not known or held out as a partner. Silent Partner: Inactive (but may be known to be a partner)Nominal Partner: Not a true partner in any sense, not being a party to the partnership agreement. However, a nominal partner holds him o r herself out as a partner, or permits others to make such representation by the use of his/her name or otherwise A company is a separate legal entity formed under the Corporations Act 2001. Commonly, its owners are called shareholders and their ownership interests are represented by shares in the company. The separate legal status of the company has many implications for the entity. First, the company can enter into contracts, incur debts and pay taxes independently of its owners.The owners pay individual taxes only on the company profit paid out to them in the form of salaries, bonuses and dividends. The shareholders are not liable for the company’s debts once the shares they hold have been paid for in full. For example, if a company issued $1 shares, with 60 cents payable on application and the remaining 40 cents payable by future installments, the shareholders’ liability in the event of the company collapsing would be remaining 40 cents on each share they own. This feature is known as limited liability; that is, their obligation is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on their shares.As a separate legal entity, a company has many of the rights, duties and responsibilities of a natural person. It can, through its agents, buy, own and sell property in its own name and engage in business activities by entering into contracts with others. It has legal status in a court and can sue and be sued, is legally responsible for its liabilities, and must pay income tax just as a natural person does. Different type of business ownership has different type of characteristics, what is the different between each other?The major different characteristics of each other are tax consideration, liability, duration, ease and cost of set up. Tax Consideration The sole proprietorship any income to the business is treated as income to the business owner and all income is reported on individual tax return, and is taxed in the year it is received. Business deductions a re permitted. While in partnership, a Partnership Agreement can allocate the profits or losses in any ratio agreed to between the partners but if there is no Agreement, the profits must be allocated equally.Business deductions are taken by the partnership before the income is distributed to the partners and claimed on their personal tax returns. The profit of a company is taxed to the company when earned, and then is taxed to the shareholders when distributed as dividends. This creates a double tax. The corporation does not get a tax deduction when it distributes dividends to shareholders. Shareholders cannot deduct any loss of the corporation. Liability In Sole proprietors have unlimited liability and are legally responsible for all debts against the business. Their business and personal assets are at risk.In Partnership, partners are liable for all the debts of the business and the full amount of these debts can be collected from one or more of the partners rather than the debt be ing equally shared. Partners can also be held liable for acts committed by one of their partners in the normal course of business. Owners of a Company have the liability protection of a corporation. That is because, the company exists as a separate entity much like a corporation. A company member cannot be held personally liable for debts unless they have signed a personal guarantee. Ownership interestsOwnership interests in a company may be sold to third parties without disturbing the continued operation of the business. A sole proprietorship or partnership, on the other hand, cannot be sold whole Duration The sole proprietorship remains in existence for as long as the owner is willing or able to stay in business. When the owner dies, the sole proprietorship no longer exists. The assets and liabilities of the business become part of the owner's estate. A sole proprietor can freely transfer a business by selling all or a portion of the assets of the business.In partnership the busin ess organization ends with death, incapacity, withdrawal or bankruptcy of any partner, unless otherwise agreed to in a Partnership Agreement. In company form a continuity of life, it has the power to exist forever and, therefore, is unaffected by the death of an owner or manager or by the transfer of ownership interests. Ease and cost of set up The sole proprietorship and partnership it is easy to set up and may register a trade name to promote its products and services. While in company, a company must be registered with the Registrar of Companies.Company cost more to set up and run than a sole proprietorship or partnership. For example, there are the initial formation fees, filing fees and annual state fees. However, these costs are partially offset by lower insurance costs. Flexible Beside that, a partnership may be relatively more flexible in the decision making process than in a corporation. But, it may be less so than in a sole proprietorship. That is because sole proprietorsh ip management is able to respond quickly to business needs in the form of day to day management decisions as governed by various laws and good sense.Capital Rising A corporation has many avenues to raise capital. It can sell shares of stock and create new types of stock, such as preferred stock, with different voting or profit characteristics. Partnership difficult to rising additional capital but easier than sole proprietorship, that is because, sole proprietorship are the only owner, therefore can’t sell any shares to fund business growth, and banks are more skeptical about lending money to sole proprietorships. There are several advantages to being a sole proprietorship.First, the sole proprietorship entity is a quick, inexpensive and easy form of business to establish, and can be inexpensive to wind down. In this type of business, there are no specific business taxes paid by the company. The owner pays taxes on income from the business as part of personal income tax payme nts. A sole proprietor has complete control and decision-making power over the business, and is therefore free to choose the direction of the business and it strategies and policies. Sale or transfer can take place at the discretion of the sole proprietor.Sole proprietorship can control all the asset and money of business and can take  money out of company for personal use at any time, as long as make sure the business bills are paid. Sole proprietorship is relative freedom from government control. The further advantage is that the owner claims all the profits of the business. There are several disadvantages to being a sole proprietorship. Sole proprietorship’s business is not a separate legal entity. Therefore, if the business is involved in any form of legal dispute, the individual owner has unlimited liability, which means the sole proprietor of the business can be held personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business.Additionally, this risk extends to any liabilities incurred as a result of acts committed by employees of the company. The sole proprietorship relatively limited viewpoint and experience that is because sole proprietorship is limited by the skill, time and investment of the individual owner. Sole proprietorship are unstable business life, the enterprise may be crippled or terminated upon illness or death of the owner. There are several advantages to being a partnership. First, the partnerships are relatively easy to set up however time should be invested in developing the partnership agreement.Partnership files informational tax return. Partnership income is reportable and taxed on partners’ personal income tax returns. The main advantage of a partnership over a sole proprietorship is that the partnership combines the skills, talents, and knowledge of two or more people, and all partners have equal rights in the management of the partnership business The main disadvantages of partnership are partnership is charac terized by unlimited liability. Therefore, the partners are fully responsible for all business debts and obligations, irrespective of their involvement in the entity.The partnership form has a limited life therefore it may end with death, incapacity, withdrawal or bankruptcy of any partner. A great number of partnerships find themselves involved in disputes because of disagreements concerning profit sharing or decision making for the business. Partnership is limited financial therefore it may only borrow money or use partners’ savings. Must be dissolved and reformed to admit additional partners wishing to invest. A further disadvantage is known as mutual agency. Mutual agency is every partner acts as an agent for the partnership and for every other partner.Therefore, a partner can represent the other partners and bind them to a contract if he or she is acting within the apparent scope of the business. Partnership is relative difficulty in obtaining large sums of capital. This is particularly true of long term financing when compared to a corporation. However, by using individual partners' assets, opportunities are probably greater than in a proprietorship. The main advantages of forming a company is the limited liability protection provided to its owners. Because a corporation is considered a separate legal entity, the shareholders have limited liability for the corporation's debts.The personal assets of shareholders are not at risk for satisfying corporate debts or liabilities. Companies are attractive investment. The built-in stock structure of a corporation makes it attractive to investors. The company form has a continuity of life, it has the power to exist forever and, therefore, is unaffected by the death of an owner or manager or by the transfer of ownership interests. Other advantages of company is taxation, owners of a company only pay taxes on company profits paid to them in the form of salaries, bonuses, and dividends. The company pays taxes, at the company rate, on any profits.Companies also have the ability to raise large amounts of capital through public share offerings. Companies have a set management structure. The owners of a company are shareholders, who elect a Board of Directors, which then elects the officers. Other than the election of directors, shareholders do not participate in the operations of the company. There are several disadvantages to the company form of business structure. First, the company is more expensive and time-consuming to establish. Companies are monitored by federal, state and some local agencies, and as a result may have more paperwork to comply with regulations.Company set up cost are expansive that is because company have to pay many fees to set up the business there are the initial formation fees, filing fees and annual state fees. Beside that, paperwork is a huge component of the company formalities that must followed. For example, business bank accounts and records must be maintain ed and kept separate from personal accounts and assets. . In company may result in higher overall taxes. C corporations have potential double-tax consequences — once when the company makes its profit, and a second time when dividends are paid to shareholders.S corporations can mitigate this tax issue. Company is disclosure of names of corporate officers and directors. Most states do not require that names of shareholders be a matter of public record; however, many states require that the names and addresses of corporate officers and directors be listed on one or more documents filed with the Secretary of State. The proper corporate formalities of organizing and running a corporation must be followed, to receive the benefits of being a corporation. I preferred form a sole proprietorship. Sole proprietorship business has many advantages suitable to form in Malaysia.First, a sole proprietorship is the most basic of all forms of business ownerships. Many small businesses are sole proprietorships. Next, a sole proprietorship is easy to establish compare to partnership and company. Sole proprietorship doesn’t have to do anything special or file papers to set one up. Sole proprietorship typically requires few if any legal documents and minimal record keeping. Beside that, sole proprietorship may register a trade name to promote its products and services. The sole proprietorship is not a taxable entity.Income from the organization is simply added to the owner’s personal income to determine taxable income. Sole proprietorship only one person involved in the business therefore it is easy to dissolve if and when the person decides to stop operating as a business. A sole proprietorship is the least expensive type of business structure to establish. There is no need for a lawyer or for an excessive amount of money to be set aside in order to pay a number of fees. Corporations are much more expensive to start up. Therefore, sole proprietorship can be st arted fairly easily with minimal capital requirements.