Assignment, and writing 2 essays based on 3 readings Coursework

Assignment, and writing 2 essays based on 3 readings - Coursework Example trend or phenomenon. Although the readings, â€Å"Cultural Valorization & African American Literary History† (Corse & Griffin) and â€Å"The Vietnam Veteran’s Memorial† (Wagner-Pacific & Schwartz) discuss different social and cultural phenomenon, we see clear examples of how the concept of â€Å"the sacred† is similar to the concept of â€Å"sacralization† specifically with regard to social unity and a social movement from deeming something socially insignificant to socially indispensable. Both readings also demonstrate how Durkheim’s idea of â€Å"the sacred† differs from the ‘sacredness’ so to speak, of Hurston’s novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Vietnam War Memorial in that both cultural phenomenon cannot be compartmentalized into Durkheim’s simple definition of what deems something sacred. Nevertheless both phenomenon are in fact â€Å"sacred† in society and add another dimension to Durkh eim’s concept. All of the fore mentioned readings include a societal and cultural happening, which at one point in history was considered insignificant and undervalued but through a social, academic, political etc. unity and validity placed upon the phenomenon; there have been distinct and necessary alterations in societal thought as well as accomplishments with regards to the phenomenon at hand. In â€Å"Cultural Valorization & African American Literary History† Corse and Griffin extensively discuss the historical and ideological transformation of the Western Literary Canon and the creation of the African-American literary canon with regards to African-American literature and specifically Zora Neal Hurston’s novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God. When Hurston’s novel was first reviewed, it was considered â€Å"simple and unpretentious†, â€Å"unsuccessful†, not a literary work that would ever â€Å"move into serious fiction† and

Ethical Implications Essay Example for Free

Ethical Implications Essay The Code of Ethics for Nurses clearly states that nurses are prohibited to participate in assisted suicide and euthanasia, it is ethically unacceptable. But Nurses are often in the best position to discuss end-of-life issues, they play a vital role in end-of-life care by advocating for their patients wishes and maintaining quality symptom management and support (Ignatavicius Workman 2010). Euthanasia is legal in four states in the United States, these states are Oregano, Washington, Montana and Vermont. Terminally ill patients are able to request lethal medications under law. Most of these states require that the patients make two verbal request that are 15 days apart and also another request in writing with a witness. In Montana the law also states that the life expectancy of the patient has to be less than six months. Also the patient must be a resident in the state that he/she wants to precipitate in euthanasia ( New Health Guide n.d). In the case of Terry Schiavo, she had no living will in place, her wishes were unclear and the family was forced to stop her tube feedings and let her die. The nurse’s role in this situation would be to be there to support the family, providing resources and making sure the patient dies a peaceful death. The stake holders in this scenario are the physicians, did they make the right diagnosis and decision, the family who lost a beloved member of their family, and also the society as a whole, it was a very well published case and raised questions regarding if the decision was ethically right. In the scenario of Dax Cowart and Robert Burt, Dax was involved in a gas explosion that left him blinded and disabled. He wanted to stop all his agonizing treatments and die, even though he was competent, he was unable to refuse his treatments. In this situation nurses are obligated to give a competent patient the right to refuse treatment and respect the decision their patients make. The stakeholders in this scenario is the patient Dax who had to suffer through 15 months of treatment, and the doctors who went against his decision. Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L. (2010). Medical-surgical nursing: Patient-centered collaborative care (6th ed.). St Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. New Health Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2014, from http://www.newhealthguide.org/Where-Is-Euthanasia-Legal.html Purtilo, R., Doherty, R. (2011). Ethical Dimensions in the Health Professions, 5th Edition. [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved from http://pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/978-1-4377-0896-7/id/B9781437708967000230 c0014 Euthanasia Ethics. (2014, September 26). Retrieved December 14, 2014 from http://www.euthanasiaethics.com/

Modern American History: From the Second World War to Today. Essay

War is an obliterate machine employed by every nation from Third World countries to Global Empires throughout world’s history. This essay will attempt to review Modern American History from the World War II to present day. Key areas will be exam are 1) patriotism and propaganda used by the government during wartime, 2) the role of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) enforcing domestic laws during the Cold War era of American history, 3) the intervenes of the United States abroad in many aspects from gaining strategic advantages, control of natural resources, depose of oppressive governments, the spread of political and religious system, and commercial self-interest, to 4) how the media shapes our historical world both past and present. The final paragraph injects a personal view. When American fights against another country, one of the most critical aspects its leaders must make certain is the people’s support of the war. This mainstream public supports enable the country to raise funds and finances the war. To understand how regime can achieve such a dynamic factor and guarantees its success, we need to review Susan Brewer’s work. Through her book, title - Why America Fights: Patriotism and War Propaganda from the Philippines to Iraq, we’ll discuss the multifaceted role of the American media in shaping of public perception during times of war. We’ll dissect the role of war propaganda, and the means by which the military, and the media, cooperated in making the war presentable to the American public, by referring to Why Viet Nam (Brewer chapter 5) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (Brewer chapter 6). â€Å"If freedom is to survive in any American hometown it must be preserved in such places as South Viet Nam† President Lyndon B. Joh... ...endent from foreign corporations who are controlling the country’s resources. First, there is â€Å"the monopoly held by Electric Bond & Share† (Kinzer 132). Second, there is â€Å"the International Railways of Central America, which owned nearly all the country’s rail lines, including the sole link between the capital and the Atlantic port of Puerto Barrios – most of which is also owned† (Kinzer 132). Third, there is â€Å"the United Fruit, which owned more than 550,000 acres, about one-fifth of the country’s arable land† (Kinzer 133). He did what he set out to do and that is to pass the â€Å"Agrarian Reform Law,† specifically targeting these private corporations. At the end, his actions led to adverse results that force him to resign his presidency. Indochina, the French government has colonized Viet Nam in the nineteenth century for its natural resources of rubber (Kinzer 150).

Relationship of Self-Esteem to Objective Success: Is it a Cause or Cons

It has been stipulated that self-esteem is one of the most studied concepts in social psychology. In the now classic study Pygmalion in the Classroom by Rosenthal and Jacobsen, it highlights how teachers' unfounded beliefs about their students became objective realities of the students performance (Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger, & Vohs, 2003, p. 2). Early studies like this one has ignited the pursuit to find ways to increase self-esteem and encourage instillment, or creation, of self-esteem to guarantee future success. Because it is so popularly studied, results of studies investigating variables associated with self-esteem often significantly vary. In our individualistic culture, having high-self esteem is a coveted state. Through multiple studies exploring this topic, perhaps a conclusion can be made about the relationship between self-esteem and success. Is self-esteem a predictor of success or a result of achieving the success? A previous study called "Predictors of situational disengagement in the academic setting," the authors Stephan, Caudroit, Boichà ©, and Sarrazin (2011) examined the predictors of discounting or devaluing negative feedback in a physical education class in France. By comparing the grades received in class (of which the participants were informed) and the reports of the students type of motivation, as well as their perceived competence in the subject (p.446). The researchers measured the level of disengagement and perceived competence following receiving the individual grades. They identified three different kinds of motivation is from the self-determination theory: intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation, or absence of motivation (p.444). If an unsatisfactory grade was receiv... ...eral self-esteem to school achievement. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 599-564. Ramsdal, G.H. (2008). Differential relations between two dimensions of self-esteem and the Big Five? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 333-338. Stephan, Y., Caudroit, J., Boichà ©, J., Sarrazin, P. (2011). Predictors of situational disengagement in the academic setting: The contribution of grades, perceived competence, and academic motivation. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 441-455. Stumpp, T., Muck, P.M., Hà ¼lscheger, U.R., Judge, T.A., & Mair, G.W. (2010). Core self-evaulations in Germany:Validation of a German measure of its relationship with career success. Applied Psychoology: An International Review, 59, 674-700. Zhang, M., & Cross, S.E. (2011). Emotion is memories of success and failure: A cultural perspective. Emotion, 11, 866-880. Relationship of Self-Esteem to Objective Success: Is it a Cause or Cons It has been stipulated that self-esteem is one of the most studied concepts in social psychology. In the now classic study Pygmalion in the Classroom by Rosenthal and Jacobsen, it highlights how teachers' unfounded beliefs about their students became objective realities of the students performance (Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger, & Vohs, 2003, p. 2). Early studies like this one has ignited the pursuit to find ways to increase self-esteem and encourage instillment, or creation, of self-esteem to guarantee future success. Because it is so popularly studied, results of studies investigating variables associated with self-esteem often significantly vary. In our individualistic culture, having high-self esteem is a coveted state. Through multiple studies exploring this topic, perhaps a conclusion can be made about the relationship between self-esteem and success. Is self-esteem a predictor of success or a result of achieving the success? A previous study called "Predictors of situational disengagement in the academic setting," the authors Stephan, Caudroit, Boichà ©, and Sarrazin (2011) examined the predictors of discounting or devaluing negative feedback in a physical education class in France. By comparing the grades received in class (of which the participants were informed) and the reports of the students type of motivation, as well as their perceived competence in the subject (p.446). The researchers measured the level of disengagement and perceived competence following receiving the individual grades. They identified three different kinds of motivation is from the self-determination theory: intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation, or absence of motivation (p.444). If an unsatisfactory grade was receiv... ...eral self-esteem to school achievement. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 599-564. Ramsdal, G.H. (2008). Differential relations between two dimensions of self-esteem and the Big Five? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 333-338. Stephan, Y., Caudroit, J., Boichà ©, J., Sarrazin, P. (2011). Predictors of situational disengagement in the academic setting: The contribution of grades, perceived competence, and academic motivation. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 441-455. Stumpp, T., Muck, P.M., Hà ¼lscheger, U.R., Judge, T.A., & Mair, G.W. (2010). Core self-evaulations in Germany:Validation of a German measure of its relationship with career success. Applied Psychoology: An International Review, 59, 674-700. Zhang, M., & Cross, S.E. (2011). Emotion is memories of success and failure: A cultural perspective. Emotion, 11, 866-880.

More so than any other issue facing us we must all start to reduce our ecological footprint

Yes, we must start to reduce our ecological footprint as developement of the world over the past 20 years has proven to be unsustainable. Meaning that we are actually living beyond our means e. g. A quarter of all fish stocks are overharvested, Humans now use between 40% and 50% of all available freshwater running off the land and deforestation increase risks of various deadly diseases such as malaria and cholera. Our way of life is placing an increasing burden on the planet and this can certainly not be sustained. To be sustainable, nature's resources must only be used at a rate which they can be replenished naturally. Scientific evidence shows now that humanity is living in n unsustainable way. Humans are consuming the Earth's limited natural resources more rapidly than they are being replaced by nature. Now a human effort to keep human use of natural resources within the sustainable development aspect of the Earth's finite resource limits is now an issue of huge importance to the present and future of humanity. â€Å"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. † As our world population increases rapidly our use of natural resources cannot go on forever and unless we start to make progress with reconciling these contradictions everybody, where ever they are will face a much less certain and secure lifestyle to the lifestyle we live in today. No, we don't have to reduce our ecological footprint as the world we live in right now is suffering from much worse issues presently and so in dealing with the issue of the footprint brings alot of limitations. The term ecological foot print also lacks a temporal dimension. For example, safe custody, monitoring and storage of high level nuclear waste will tie up people, corporations and land for over 100,000 years. For it to be successful will require political will, social stability and unwavering purpose through those millennia. This, too, will impose its load on the planet, both directly and in terms of the opportunity cost. The â€Å"given population† in the definition above needs to be specified: is it the human population? The population of all animals? The population of all life? In my personal opinion, I agree with the concept of reducing our ecological footprint as it is seriously harmful to the world both presently and for future generations. Although I realise that there is a for and against argument for this cause, I find myself leaning more towards the Yes side of the argument because I believe we should respect this Earth not destroy it, as it is the only one we've got. The earth cannot be replaced and neither can all the natural resources we use up or destroy so rapidly without a moments thought to both the consequences and meaning.

How to Impress Employers with a Quality Cover Letter

How to Impress Employers with a Quality Cover Letter How to Impress Employers with a Quality Cover Letter The cover letter is the first thing anyone sees when you apply for a job, the idea being to convince the reader to learn more about you via your resume. No matter how great your resume is, without a good cover letter to go with it, you might as well spit in an envelope and send that instead. N.B. Spitting is only advised when applying to be a cobra. Before you start expectorating, however, you should try these tips for writing an outstanding cover letter. Research and Customization There’s nothing wrong with using a template letter, especially if you’re applying for several similar jobs, but you need to customize each one you send out to reflect the specific job. This requires doing a little research about the role and the company, making sure that you emphasize the qualities specified. You should also try to find the name of the person who will read your letter. If you address it to them directly, it will reach them more quickly than if you use â€Å"Dear Hiring Manager.† Keep it Short Employers may have to read dozens of cover letters every day. As such, if you write a thirty-page epic about why you’re perfect for the role, it might never get read. It’s far better to keep things short (roughly one A4 page). As well as ensuring that someone reads your cover letter, this lets you demonstrate your ability to communicate clearly and concisely in writing, which is a valuable skill in itself! Structure We can’t tell you what to write in your cover letter: That depends on the job! However, we can set out what most cover letters should include: A formal greeting/salutation An introductory paragraph where you identify yourself, the role you’re applying for, how you found the position, and your reasons for applying A few paragraphs outlining your strengths as a candidate, what you would bring to the role and examples of how you’ve applied relevant skills in the past A concluding paragraph reiterating your suitability for the role, when you’re available, how to contact you, and thanking the reader for their time A suitable closer/valediction Proofread It! Obviously, we’re keen on proofreading (we wouldn’t be here if we weren’t). But even if you’re not the type of pedant who gets their knickers in a twist about misplaced apostrophes, proofreading your cover letter before you send it to employers is crucial to success. A cover letter with spelling and grammar mistakes may suggest you don’t care about the job. As such, even if the roles to which you’re applying don’t require perfect written English, you must check carefully for mistakes before sending your cover letter and resume to employers.

First Confession essays

First Confession essays Seven years, being able to live for yourself, not answering to anyone for the wrong you have done, keeping everything to yourself. Then one day, after much anticipation, you have to do it. You must tell someone of all the bad things that you have done in your life. This person you have to tell isnt just any ole person, though; no, it is the priest; a holy man of the Almighty God! Could you imagine what a mortifying experience that would be? Well, that is what little Jackie was facing in Frank OConnors story First Confession found in An Introduction to Fiction on page 719. In the story, little Jackie, a seven-year-old boy, begins telling us of his evil grandmother that moved in due to the death of her husband. He describes to us the hatred he has for her and the way that Nora, his older sister, brown-noses to her to receive a penny every week, and this makes Jackie envious. He tells us of a time when he hid under the dinner table when Gran made dinner and of how he lunged at Nora with a knife when she tried to get him. He continues by describing another woman, Ryan, who is teaching the children ...about Hell...the first place in her heart (OConnor 720) and of the many horrible things she did and said. He decides that because of his horrible behavior, he would skip the day of his first confession, instead of make a bad confession, only to be instructed to go on a different day by himself. The day arrived and Nora brought him to the church. The way there, she told him ...my heart bleeds for you!(O Connor 721) She also reminded him of some of the bad things he did that he needed to confess. When they arrived at the church, Nora turned back into ...the malicious devil she was. (OConnor 721) When it was his turn to enter the confessional, Jackie made many mistakes, such as climbing on the elbow rest, loosing his grip and tumbl...

Terrorism September 11, 2001 essays

Terrorism September 11, 2001 essays Reflection on the Terrorism of September 11th, 2001 When they first told us over the announcements that two planes had flew into the Twin Towers and that another one had flew into the Pentagon, it didn't register in my head right away because I haven't heard anything like this before. I thought that the U.S. was under war. Everyone was talking about World War III. I saw the second plane hitting the tower many times, but what really disturbed me was when I saw people jumping out of the 92nd floor still alive and their arms and legs wailing around. If I was in their place, I don't know what I would've done. It's a catch 22, you either burn inside the building and suffer a slow and painful death or jump out the window and fall many floors to the street below and die anyway. I can't believe anyone can have the heart and no conscience to kill so many people as well as themselves. I think that as soon as the United States finds out who is harbouring these terrorists, they should bomb them. However, I don't think they should bomb during the day or bomb any building. I think they should bomb at night that way there would be less innocent casualties because not as many people are out at night and they should bomb buildings that are important to the country. If they let who ever is responsible for this live, this will happen again. I didn't have any family or friends that died in this mass murder but if I had had any I don't think it would've changed my opinion. I would still feel very strong about the U.S. bringing justice to the terrorists. These events change my perspective on air travelling very much because before I was worried about the plane crashing, now I have to worry about terrorists also. They said that flying was the safest way to travel and that it was also the fastest. I don't think many people will believe the safest part anymore. I wouldn't feel comfortable flying to major U.S. cities. Also since we are very close a ...

See description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

See description - Essay Example It has been known that many workers in the third world countries are not given proper care in their workplaces and thus this has lead to adversary affects to the health of these workers. The affects are so adverse at times that a precious life of a worker is lost during this process. Similarly these unsafe practices at the work places also lead to great economic losses to the companies. These adversary affects has led many of the research departments to look for a solution to this problem. As it can be seen nowadays that almost every company takes measures to ensure that their workers are being given an environment which is safe and healthy for them. An example can be quoted here of Deere & Company. The workers in this company work in the circle of forestry and other turf care stuff. The company has made efforts in the past to reduce injuries and provide proper safety to its workers. Moreover, the company has introduced special workers who are in charge of checking any sort of health issues to the workers during their practice of work. The Human Resources has been assigned the job of not only making sure that the workplace is safe but also assigns it to make sure that the workers are aware of healthy and safe practices during work. Hr is supposed to inform its workers as to which practices during work are safe and which are not. They should also inform the workers as to why these practices are safe. This problem of safety and health has become a problem of global intensity and thus organizations from all over the world are making sure that the workers are provided with safety and health. Two major organizations which ensure safety and health in workplace are International Labor Organization and World Health Organization. It has also been seen that the nature of a job can lead to certain safety and health concerns at the workplace. Thus it is the duty of the hr to make sure that the nature of the job is properly sought so that the employees are satisfied and not

Theories of Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories of Motivation - Essay Example The fifth level is of self actualization. Self actualization consists of fulfillment of goals and creativity. Need for fulfillment of goals is because one has this, he or she gains the desire to fully realize his or herself and become the best he or she is capable of becoming. the creativity part is needed for one to be creative about something then through this he or she gets dedicated and faces challenges which he or she enjoy and after accomplishing the results, he or she feels very enthusiastic about the deed and this motivates them1. Next is level four of needs which is on self esteem. Under self esteem, there is self respect and acceptance and brain power. Self respect and acceptance is all about prestige, reputation and recognition from others. This contains the desire of wanting to feel important, strong and significant and once one accepts him or herself the way they are, they tend to proud to stand with other people proudly. Brainpower is all about one displaying his or her talents and skills. With this, one gets attention from others which he or she appreciates as well as gaining self confidence2. Level three is on Love and Relationships which is inclusive of communication and response as well as validation. Communication and response is about having the desire to be loved and to love as well as have a sense of affection and belonging. Through this, one is able to communicate his or her inner feelings on love and affection to the party concerned. Validation is about joining various clubs and groups, being able to talk to others, contributing to society, marrying and having a family. With this, one is able to live life fully with family and friends and have a very satisfying life. Level two is family and work. Under this lies a social safety and security and survival skill. Social safety and security is all about the need to be safe from physical and psychological harm in ones daily life. When one is assured of his or her present safety, they will alw ays have trust in a safe future3. Survival skills are about working , saving for the future, improving skills and talents and wanting to be organized world. When one thinks about his or her future he or she gains the motivation to work very hard in life. Level one is all about one’s body. Under the body there is physical safety and survival skills again4. Physical safety and security is all about the need and enthusiasm one has of staying alive. This includes ensuring one has enough food, air and water to survive. About the survival skills it is all about eating, sleeping, taking care of bodily needs and being free from pain. The basis and value of this theory in understanding human motivation is the fact that human beings have lower needs as well that need to be satisfied in order to be whole as humans. â€Å"In this manner, Maslow's model indicates that fundamental, lower-order needs like safety and physiological requirements have to be satisfied in order to pursue higher- level motivators along the lines of self-fulfillment. As depicted in the following hierarchical diagram, sometimes called 'Maslow's Needs Pyramid' or 'Maslow's Needs Triangle', after a need is satisfied it stops acting as a motivator and the next need one rank higher starts to motivate†

See attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

See attachment - Essay Example According to an online publication, the public sector has been a leader in asset management practices for a long period. The private sector has been lagging behind with players having little interest in the theory. Consequently, there was a lot of mismanagement of resources in the private sector in comparison with the public sector that was achieving sanity at the time. Government agencies had been empowered to investigate public corporations that were mismanaging funds. The agencies were mandated to carry out an audit of the resources that had been allocated to public companies to detect discrepancies that were costly. They made an inspection of government institutions such as the police department, public hospitals, and local authorities among other areas that the government played an imperative role. A task body was formed in the United Kingdom to try and establish the importance of asset management to the strategic plans of an organization and its contribution to profits. The fin ding of the report indicated that although technical skills contributed significantly to the performance of an organization, the role of asset management towards the success of an organization could not be ignored. Consequently, the importance of asset management is one of the factors that stirred the University that investigated correlation Between asset management and the performance of an organization. The study unearthed shocking findings of the notion of asset management. It was created that a majority of people were unaware of the roles asset management played to the success of a business entity2. Despite the fact that the research came up with incomplete evidence, similar studies were carried out in the 1990s.Meaningful recommendations were arrived at that saw companies adopt cost cutting measures in production processes. In addition, new methods of managing physical assets were

In A Theory of Justice, John Rawls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

In A Theory of Justice, John Rawls - Essay Example ..no one knows his place in society, his class position or social status; nor does he know his fortune in the distribution of natural assets and abilities, his intelligence and strength, and the like† (Rawls, p. 118). The individual is then tasked with designing a society with this understanding in mind. As a means of carrying out Rawl’s veil of ignorance, this essay proposes what sorts of principles I would propose for this new society. Additionally, the essay considers what guarantees people would have, and what values would be most important to create and preserve. After considering the veil of ignorance one of the overarching considerations of this new society is the need to ensure that it offers fair opportunities to all citizens. As a means of achieving this society there necessarily must be a radical reimagining of the way that the country is structured. Currently society is organized a capitalist democratic model. In this way the primary means of achieving income are through capitalizing on one’s strengths to as great a degree as possible. The pervading logic in this approach to life is that individuals who work the hardest will correspondingly be given the most opportunities and success. There is the further belief that innovation and entrepreneurship will not occur unless people are given a direct financial incentive. While from a theoretical perspective this view of the world may be accurate, in practice there is a great amount of complication. What often occurs is that specific groups of people gain power and are able to oppress other groups of people. In this way survival of the fittest partially takes over, wherein the strong dominate the weak. Additionally, people become oppressed along racial and ethnic lines. In this way many of the brightest and most talented individuals in society are not granted the equal opportunities. Even as society is democratic in nature, the pervading structures are such that these processes are cyc lical, with individuals in power contributing to the oppressive mechanisms. Following the understanding of society as greatly contributing to the oppression of certain groups of people significant changes will be implemented. One of the first changes is that the past notion that all individuals work for the simple accumulation of wealth will be disregarded. Numerous studies have indicated that once an individual makes over $75,000 a year their relative happiness level does not increase. Still, a significant amount of people in society make considerably more than this amount, while millions of others struggle to achieve a living income. The obvious solution is to institute wealth distribution systems, where the wealthiest Americans necessarily distribute their wealth to those making the least amount of money. While such processes are in place to a small extent, the large-scale implementation of these processes have not occurred as there is the general belief that individuals would no t work as hard if they did not receive direct compensation for their actions. Although there is an extent of truth to these claims, ultimately it appears that they do not fully take into account the motivations of human behavior. One considers that individuals such as Warren Buffet have made extensive amounts of money and ultimately given it away to charity. The current Presidential candidate Mitt Romney,

The effectevnice of the green building evaluate & labing system Article

The effectevnice of the green building evaluate & labing system - Article Example ilding formulated the green building evaluation and labeling system (GBELS) which uses nine indicators to evaluate if a building project is environmentally viable. After implementation in 1999, the government mandated that all state building should undertake the green building design. Green building labels were awarded to building fulfilling at least four indicators. Differing feedback have been received with some claming that some GBELS indicators cant be used at the initial design stages, neglects the designer, clients and contractor needs and is not effective. However, some positive feedback indicates that GBELS helped in power conservation, improvement of project life cycle and promotion of green building. In light of these, this research work evaluated GBELS by examining its effectiveness, implementation, application, scope, current practice as well as reveling its merits and demerits for the purposes of recommending on the methods of improving it and using it internationally. ( Chinese architecture and building center, 2007; Lin et al, 2006 and Vivian, 2007) The main aim of the research work was to evaluate and analyze the effectiveness and implementation of GBELS its terms of its applicability, suitability as compared to other environmental assessment tools, its merits and limitations as well as its applicability on an international level. After collecting the data, selection was done to discard wrongly filled questionnaires. For the comparative analysis the author compared GBELS with BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), HKBEAM (Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method) and LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) (CET, 1999). Where W was the weight given by each factor by the respondent {1(least important)-5(most important)}, A was the highest weight, N was the total number of the sample and was the relative importance index. Administering of questionnaire provides for an adequate means of

In A Theory of Justice, John Rawls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

In A Theory of Justice, John Rawls - Essay Example ..no one knows his place in society, his class position or social status; nor does he know his fortune in the distribution of natural assets and abilities, his intelligence and strength, and the like† (Rawls, p. 118). The individual is then tasked with designing a society with this understanding in mind. As a means of carrying out Rawl’s veil of ignorance, this essay proposes what sorts of principles I would propose for this new society. Additionally, the essay considers what guarantees people would have, and what values would be most important to create and preserve. After considering the veil of ignorance one of the overarching considerations of this new society is the need to ensure that it offers fair opportunities to all citizens. As a means of achieving this society there necessarily must be a radical reimagining of the way that the country is structured. Currently society is organized a capitalist democratic model. In this way the primary means of achieving income are through capitalizing on one’s strengths to as great a degree as possible. The pervading logic in this approach to life is that individuals who work the hardest will correspondingly be given the most opportunities and success. There is the further belief that innovation and entrepreneurship will not occur unless people are given a direct financial incentive. While from a theoretical perspective this view of the world may be accurate, in practice there is a great amount of complication. What often occurs is that specific groups of people gain power and are able to oppress other groups of people. In this way survival of the fittest partially takes over, wherein the strong dominate the weak. Additionally, people become oppressed along racial and ethnic lines. In this way many of the brightest and most talented individuals in society are not granted the equal opportunities. Even as society is democratic in nature, the pervading structures are such that these processes are cyc lical, with individuals in power contributing to the oppressive mechanisms. Following the understanding of society as greatly contributing to the oppression of certain groups of people significant changes will be implemented. One of the first changes is that the past notion that all individuals work for the simple accumulation of wealth will be disregarded. Numerous studies have indicated that once an individual makes over $75,000 a year their relative happiness level does not increase. Still, a significant amount of people in society make considerably more than this amount, while millions of others struggle to achieve a living income. The obvious solution is to institute wealth distribution systems, where the wealthiest Americans necessarily distribute their wealth to those making the least amount of money. While such processes are in place to a small extent, the large-scale implementation of these processes have not occurred as there is the general belief that individuals would no t work as hard if they did not receive direct compensation for their actions. Although there is an extent of truth to these claims, ultimately it appears that they do not fully take into account the motivations of human behavior. One considers that individuals such as Warren Buffet have made extensive amounts of money and ultimately given it away to charity. The current Presidential candidate Mitt Romney,

Advisor critique including executive summary Essay

Advisor critique including executive summary - Essay Example The business idea of putting an urban salon in the Park Street is a good idea to complement the other high-end establishments in the district. Also, the surrounding business environment in the Bristol area offers a lot of opportunities to the market. Looking at the market study of The Funk, however, the company proves to lack an in-depth study of the market from which it will determine its sales forecast, and subsequent profitability and sustainability of its business operations. Due to this, the company cannot set a clear objective for the business, then create a viable marketing strategy in order to make the business profitable and sustainable. There are also some items in the profit and loss statement that warrant much scrutiny such as drawings. The purchases may also be overestimated or underestimated because it is based on a forecast that is not backed by data to justify it. Although all in all, the profitability of The Funk cannot be truly assessed due to inadequacy of information, the weaknesses in the companys business model proves to have significant impact on the companys future sustainability of operations. These weaknesses can be relative disadvantages to the company which could undermine its profitability in the future. The personal grooming industry is one of the thriving industries for the current as medias influence in culture, as it puts heavy emphasis on personal appearance. The idea behind The Funk which is a trendy salon situated in the Park Street is a good one, to complement the other high-end establishments in the district. The idea also aims to cater to the younger consumers in the Park Street. The urban theme to reinforce the desired image of the brand, as well as being consistent with the other neighboring establishments is a good business idea. Using the PEST analysis, we try to look at the environment of The Funk as we try to identify the various forces that may directly and indirectly impact it. After we have identified the

Of Mice and Men Essay Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Essay Essay Throughout the book, â€Å"Of Mice and Men† George is Lennie’s everything! From dusk to dawn he is Lennie’s caretaker, friend, and he also works in place of himself and Lennie, too! He doesn’t have the easiest job in the world, either. He is faced with many challenges throughout the book. I do believe that towards the end George was finally getting enough, and he was getting tired of watching Lennie struggle. It got the best of him in a way. George has a job as a ranch hand out on the ranch. He does a little bit of everything. From making sure that the animals are in good health, and to helping the boss with anything he needs. George even watches over the slaves, to make sure they are doing what they need to be doing and are staying away from the whites. He carries a lot of responsibilities! He is also doing Lennie’s job at the same time. As we found out very quickly, Lennie is not the best at doing the task, due to his mental illness. He doesn’t know his strength, and tends to hurt/kill people and animals. Lennie has a heart of gold, and means absolutely no harm. Because of Lennie’s mental state, he needs a caretaker. George has been the one to step up to the plate and take that position. They got kicked out of Weed because Lennie went to feel a lady’s dress, and she accused him of rape. George somewhat felt guilty because as his caretaker it is his responsibility to make sure and keep an eye on him. George has to keep a close eye on Lennie and make sure that he is doing right. Any wrong thing that he may do could easily fall back on George, and they can lose everything, such as their job and shelter. At the end of the book, George had had enough of watching Lennie do wrong. He knew that after killing Curley’s wife, it could be something much worse, and being the friend he was he couldn’t watch him go through that anymore! As a friend, George is Lennie’s everything! Throughout the book, George was Lennie’s only true friend. He understood him, when everyone else didn’t. George knew when he messed up, but he still treated him like a best friend. He was more than just a caretaker, he was like a brother! I give props to George! He had been around the world and back with Lennie and he still loved him for the person he was. Even when he killed things, he was still there  and didn’t think of him any less. Now that my friends, is a TRUE friend! This book was very touching, and sad. It helped open my eyes to realize that there really are people out there who do wrong, but don’t mean to. You may be proven guilty, but that doesn’t mean that you aren’t innocent. George really was a great friend to Lennie! He had a lot of responsibility on his shoulders! He would be one to look up to. Next time you see someone do wrong, you need to stop and ask yourself, â€Å"Did they really mean that?†

Study On The Portuguese Conquest History Essay

Study On The Portuguese Conquest History Essay The Malacca, because the strategic position on the strait bearing the same name, it become more and more important for trading and shunting of spices like pepper, cloves, ginger, cinnamon, and nutmeg. The Malacca also become a remarkable trading center or port for all the merchants from all the Asian nations of the time, for example, Persia, Arabia, China, India, Bengal, Indonesia, Ceylon, and Japan. After Portuguese conquering Goa in India, the Portuguese start awareness about the importance of Malacca. They started to gather all the information about the Malacca from every seaman who came to Goa. In order to access the strength of Malacca, an expeditionary force was sent there in five ships commanded by Diego Lopez de Sequeira and they arrived in Melaka on 11th August 1509. After that de Sequeira sent one of the captains ashore and negotiated with the Sultan of Malacca. But this action has been failed because of Indian and Arab Muslim persuaded the Sultan and the Bendahara of Malacca does not trust the Portuguese. At the end many of the Portuguese were capture and imprisoned by the Sultan Malacca. In 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque, the Governor and Captain-General of the East were decided to organize an expedition to conquer Malacca. Afonso de Albuquerque collected a fleet of 18 ships and 1,400 men and arrived the Malacca harbor on 1st July 1511. The Afonso de Albuquerque demanded the return of prisoner but the Sultan of Malacca, Sultan Mahmud Syah made an excuse to delay the time so that they can strengthen the fortifications and stockades on both sides of the bridge and the river but Afonso de Albuquerque didnt waste their time. When 25 July 1511, they attacked the town by concentrating attack the assault on the bridge on the river dividing the town. After released the Portuguese prisoner, Afonso de Albuquerque was not satisfied, when 25 July 1511, he ordered attack again on the city. The city was divided into two parts, which is the main town on side of the river, and the suburbs where the traders lived on the other. But this time of attack was failed; they forced to retreat w hen at nightfall. After a few days preparation, Portuguese attacked Malacca again and this time finally Malacca fell to the Portuguese on August 1511. On 24 August 1511, Portuguese discover Sultan Mahmud Syah and his family escape and retreat to Ulu Bertam, Pahang. Portuguese sacked the town, but following Albuquerques orders, they respected the property of those who sided with them. After conquest Malacca, to strengthens and defend the Portuguese base, Portuguese immediately built a fortress which is call A famosa on the south side of the Malacca river. Beside built the fortress, Portuguese also built Governors Palace, the Bishops Palace, the Government council chambers, several churches, barracks, two hospitals, monastery and a prison. Ruy de Brito Patalim was appointed by Albuquerque as the Governor and Nina Chattu as the Prime Minister. After established the Malacca, Albuquerque was encouraged the merchants to reopen their businesses and built up the friendship to Siam, Java, China, and to the Moluccas island. In order to make buying and selling easier, Albuquerque issued a new coinage at Melaka. Although most of the trading was done by barter, there was some trading by using the Malay tin coins. The new Portuguese coins were of tin or copper, silver and gold. Although Malacca had fallen to the Portuguese, the Sultan Mahmud Syah have a base at Johore. During from 1511 till 1526, Sultan Mahmud Syah and his son Sultan Ahmad had continuous sent their army to attack the Portuguese. At the end, in 1583, a peace treaty was signed. However, the Portuguese strong enemy is Acheh in North Sumatra, which was across the Straits of Melaka. It is because the Sultan of Acheh was the champion of Islam and have a big trading pepper in Sumatera. The Sultan of Acheh wanted to capture Melaka and attacked it several times, but at the end they were not successful. In 1602-1603, the Dutch blockaded Malacca by sea, but this was only a first timid attempt. In 1606, Johore and the Dutch concluded an alliance against the Portuguese and in 1607 they set again the town under siege. The Dutch made several fruitless attempts between 1623 and 1627, and in 1633. The defenders of Portuguese run out of their gun power and with a severe scarcity of food when the last siege of combining the Dutch-Johore fleet of 1.500 Dutchmen, 1.500 Malays, 12 Dutch ships, 6 sloops and 40 Johore vessels during in June 1640. Dutch commander Willmsoon Kartekoe ordered the last desperate assault on January 1641 but the Portuguese defender made a fierce resistance and finally Dutch driven back. But in situation desperation, honourable terms of surrender have been offered by Dutch commander to Portuguese and the Portuguese commander accepted the generous terms. After the Portuguese commander dying, he was buried by the Dutch with military honours in the church of Sà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢o Domingo. The city of Malacca was thus in Portuguese hands from 24 August 1511 till 14 January 1641. Reason Portuguese venture to the East The  Portuguese  were the first Europeans to dominate trade in SEA and the first to set up trading posts in military-occupied ports . They defeated Moslem naval forces in 1509 and seized  Malacca  in  1511  , until the Dutch captured it in  1641. Southeast Asia felt Portuguese impact the least. The Portuguese controlled only the small territory of East Timor During the 15th century, Portugal heralded its Age of Discovery and became inexhaustible in its quest to discover foreign lands and expand its tiny kingdom. Initiated by Infante Don Enrique, popularly known as Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460), who encouraged his people to increase their knowledge and expand their trading activities to the Far East, the Portuguese embarked on countless missions by land and sea. Their purpose, in addition to searching for Guinea gold and expanding their tiny kingdom to become one of the most powerful nations in the world, was to spread the Christian Gospel and reduce the influence of Islam in the East. Portuguese were bent on spreading the gospel to the East and replacing Islam with Christianity. The Portuguese also had another important reason to venture to the East is to search for Guinea gold where precious Asian spices which had become essential in their part of the world, in flavouring and preserving their food. Keeping consistent in their animosity against the Muslims and fuelled by their search for Asian spices, the Portuguese were intent on diverting the Asian spice trade away from the Muslims. The only way to do this was to stop obtaining the Asian spices from the Muslim Empire in Egypt and Syria, and instead, chart a new spice route around the Cape of Good Hope. The efforts of the Portuguese made them the first European nation that came to the South East Asia in search of Asian spies. Another reason for the Portuguese venturing to the East is to search for the mythical priest-king, Prester John, ruling over a powerful Christian kingdom in known as, the Indies. They believed that with his help, they could conquer the Muslims in the East. In addition, since Muslims had dominated the route via land, they decided to find a new route by sea to the East. The Administration of Portuguese in Malacca Captains-Major of Malacca (1512-1641) Captains-Major From Until Rui de Brito Patalim 1512 1514 Jorge de Albuquerque (1st time) 1514 1516 Jorge de Brito 1516 1517 Nuno Vaz Pereira 1517 1518 Afonso Lopes da Costa 1518 1519 Garcia de Sà ¡ (1st time) 1519 1521 Jorge de Albuquerque (2nd time) 1521 1525 Pero de Mascarenhas 1525 1526 Jorge Cabral 1526 1528 Pero de Faria 1528 1529 Fortaleza de Malaca Fortaleza de Malaca is a fortress system which is a quadrilateral tower. It was constructed at the foot of the fortress hill, next to the sea. To its east was constructed a circular wall of mortar and stone with a well in the middle of the enclosure. This construction is fully fortify the fortress hill. The four gateways were built for the cities are Porta de Santiago, The gateway of the Custom House Terrace, Porta de Sao Domingos, and Porta de Santo Antonio. All of these gateways only two were in common use which is Gate of Santo Antonio and the gateway of the Custom House Terrace. Gate of Santo Antonio is linking to the suburb of Yler and gateway of the Custom House Terrace giving access to Tranqueira and its bazaar. Porta de Santiago porta de santiago.jpgporta de santiago2.jpg The Porta de Santiago is one of the four main gates of the A Famosa fortress. It was built by the Portuguese in 1512 under the command of Alfonso de Albuquerque. This magnificent fort had successfully protected the Portuguese position in Melaka, until it was overrun by the Dutch. It was damaged during the attack, but the Dutch later repaired and renamed it VOC with an embossed emblem. But unfortunately what is left until today is nothing more than a gateway called Porta de Santiago. The town of Malacca during the Portuguese era Tranqueira The most important suburb of Malacca is at Tranqueira. The suburb was rectangular in shape, with a northern walled boundary, the straits of Malacca to the south and the river of Malacca and the  fortalezas  wall to the east. It was the main residential quarters of the city. However, in war, the residence of the quarters would be evacuated to the fortress. Tranqueira was divided into a further two parishes, which is Sà £o Tomà © and Sà £o Està ªvà £o. The parish of S.Tomà © was called  Campon Chelim  or we call it Kampung Keling. It was described that this area was populated by the Chelis of Choromandel. The other suburb of Sà £o Està ªvà £o was also called Campon China  or Kampung Cina. Erà ©dia described the houses as made of timber but roofed by tiles. A stone bridge with sentry crosses the river Malacca to provide access to the Malacca Fortress via the eastern Custome House Terrace. The center of trade of the city was also located in Tranqueira near the beach on the mouth of the river called the  Bazaar of the Jaos  that is Javanese. Tranqueira, this part of the city was still called  Tengkera. Yler Yler or we call it Hilir roughly covered Buquet China which is bukit cina and the south-eastern coastal area. The important water source for the community is the Well of Buquet China. The Church of the Madre De Deus and the Convent of the Capuchins of Sà £o Francisco is at the Buquet China. Another notable landmark included Buquetpiatto which is built piatu. The extreme boundaries of this unwalled suburb were said to be as far as Buquetpipi and Tanjonpacer. Tanjonpacer or Tanjung Pasir was later renamed Ujong Pasir. A settlement of Portuguese descent community is located there in present day Malacca. This suburb of Yler is now known as Banda Hilir. Sabba The houses on this suburb were built on the water edges of the river. Some of the original Muslim Malay inhabitants of Malacca lived in the swamps of  Nypeiras  tree, where they made  Nypa wine by distillation for trade. This suburb was considered the most rural, being a transition to the Malacca hinterland, where timber and charcoal traffic passed through into the city. Several parishes also lie outside the city along the river. In later periods of Dutch, British and modern day Malacca, the name of Sabba was made obsolete. However, its area encompassed parts of what is now Banda Kaba, Bunga Raya and Kampung Jawa in Malacca city. The monetary system in Malacca In 1511, the ViceRoy of India, Afonso de Albuquerque, invaded Malacca. The Portuguese ruled Malacca for 130 years. In January 1641 the Dutch took hands of Malacca. Portuguese coinage in the East Indies was struck at Malacca from the year of its conquest 1511, until the Dutch occupation in 1641. Base metal coins were struck for the Portuguese sovereign Emmanuel (1495-1521) and his successors, silver from the reign of Philip II (1598-1621) and Philip III (1621-1640). The Portuguese only focus on doing main business after conquers the Malacca. In India and Malacca, the first thing Portuguese will did wherever they were was to strike coins with which to do that business. In 1511, Portuguese were struck a few gold and silver coins and a set of denominations in tin by the governor da Albuquerque opened a European style establishment. Although there was already have a mint in Malacca. The gold and silver were struck mostly to demonstrate sovereignty, and were sent back to Portugal to show the king that he had a new piece of real estate.  There were basically 3 denominations of tin coins struck at the Malacca mint: big ones called bastardo, their tenth, called soldo, and later a tenth soldo, called dinheiro.   The weight relation of the bastardo and soldo started out fairly correct, but the bastardo became light fairly quickly, and the soldo, and later the dinheiro, became tokens.   Latterly, a half dinheiro, or bazaruco, was struck.   Over the 130 years of Portuguese occupation about 20 tin types were struck, in several dozen major and minor varieties.  Ã‚  During the closing decade of the Portuguese period, there were also some silver coins struck at the Malacca mint, for example, tangas, multiples, and fractions.  In addition, a few silver and gold coins were struck at Goa and Lisbon for Malacca. All there are extremely rare. The Portuguese Currency In 1511, during the reign of King Dom Mnuell, the gold and silver coin were struck in Malacca by mind set up by Governor Alfonso DAlbuquerque from the first year of the occupation. Among the initial currency issues were the commemorative Catolico and the Meio Catolico, both minted in gold and, the third commemorative in silver, the Malaques, named after Malacca.   During the reign of King Dom Joao III, the De Castro issue and the Malacca Mint issue are two separate coinages in Malacca. The De Castro issue was struck during the governorship of Dom Joao de Castro, the 4th Viceroy of Indis (1545-1548) was in gold as well as in tin. The gold coins were the Escudo de Sao Tome and the Quarter Escudo de Sao Tome, minted in Lisbon and Goa for circulation in India and the ten Portuguese territories. The tin coins were the Bastardo, Soldo and Dinheiro which were also minted in Lisbon for circulation in Malacca. The coinage of King Dom Sebastiao, the tin coins have the different distinctive between bastardo, Soldo and Dinheiro. On the Bastardo, the armillary sphere was replaced by crossed arrows and the letter S B. The Soldo had either double arrows a or triple arrows and the letters B A, for the Dinheiro, there were at least two issues, one with the armillary and triple arrows; on the other sailing ship replaced by the sphere   During the reign of King Dom Felipe II (1598-1621) there had been no official record of any coins minted at or for Malacca market. Only the silver piece known by us and there is no distinctive tin coins appear to have issued by the Malacca Mint. They were only in four denominationa, the first is Half Tanga, the second is Tanga, the third is Double Tanga and the forth is Quadruple Tanga. This Quadruple Tang was struck between the years 1633-1636 at the Malacca Mint or may be at the Goa Mint specially designed and issued for Malacca. All denominations of silver Tanga of Malacca with the mintmark of A M or M A of the Malacca Mint. Dom Manuel I 1495 1521 second issue Dom Manuel.gifsecond issue Dom Manuel reverse.gif Second issue  1512 1515 (De Brito Patalim ´s coinage). Bastardo, pewter, 49,06 gram, 37,5 mm. Obverse: Sphere with legend around: D(om) M(anuel) P(rimeiro) R(ei) DE PV(rugal) S(enh)OR D(a) I(ndia) E MALA(acca) Reverse: Cross of the Order of Christ with legend around: CRVX XPI NOSTRE SPES VNICA Shaw Kassim 7, E.E.Sim   cfr. E1 35 Third issue Don Manuel reverse.gifThird issue Don Manuel.gif Third Issue  1517 1521 These coins were issued under the authority of a new governor, Dom Aleixo de Menezes, who arrived in Malacca in June 1517. Bastardo, pewter, 13,82 gram, 29 mm. Obverse: Crowned Portuguese shield with inscription around: I EMANVEL R(EX) P(ORTUGALIA) ET A(LGARBIORUM) D(OMINUS)  ¤(G)VINE + (Manuel I King of Portugal and the Algarve, Lord of Guinea). On each side of the shield + V. The type with + V, is not mentioned in E.E.Sim. Reverse: Armillary sphere. H.T.Grogan 1296, Shaw Kassim 14, E.E.Sim %, Sim 20-25 Dom Joà £o III 1521 1557 Dinheiro.gifDinheiro2.gif Dinheiro, pewter, 1,59 gram, 19 mm. Obverse: Cross surrounded be the legend: + IOA(NNES) : III. POR(TUGALIA): ET: AL(GARBIORUM) (John III King of Portugal and the Algarve). Reverse: The Armillary Sphere Shaw Kassim 19, H.T.Grogan 1302, Sim J3.07 Dom Sebastià £o 1557 1578 Half soldo_dinheiro.gifHalf soldo_dinheiro2.gif Half soldo/Dinheiro ?,  pewter, 2,13 gram, 17-19 mm Obverse: Three arrows crossed and tied in the centre between the letters B A. Large dot on each side on the top of the central arrow. The two dots and the B A indicated perhaps it is a 2 bazarucos ? Reverse: The Armillary Sphere. The Zodiacal belt rises from the left to right. Shaw Kassim 25, H.T.Grogan 1312, Sim S.18 Bazaruco2.gifBazaruco.gif Bazaruco, pewter, 1,12 gram, 13 mm Obverse: The crowned Arms of Portugal Reverse: Cross Half soldo2.gifHalf soldo.gif Half Soldo ?, pewter, 2,46 gram, 18,5 mm Obverse: The Crowned Arms of Portugal. Reverse: A sailing ship left. Shaw Kassim 24 Sim S.19 Philip III, 1620 1640 Meia tanga.gifMeia tanga2.gif Meia tanga  (1/2 tanga) 1635, silver, 15-15,5 mm, 1,03 gram. Obverse: Crowned Portuguese shield with mintletters beside A M (Asia Malacca). Reverse: Monogram of value T A, besides D M (De Malacca), below the year 1635. 1 tanga 1631.gif1 tanga2 1631.gif 1 tanga 1631, silver, 17,5 18 mm, 3,05 gram. Obverse: Crowned Portuguese shield with mintletters beside A M (Asia Malacca) Reverse: Monogram of value T A, besides D M (De Malacca), below the year 1631. Mitchener 3156, Sim F3-24 2 tanga.gif2tangabs 2.gif 2 tanga  (half xerafins?) 1631, Silver, 25 mm, 6,04 gram Obververse: Crowned Portuguese shield with mintletters beside A M (Asia Malacca) Reverse: Monogram of value ? T A, besides D M (De Malacca), below the year 1631. The financial system of Portuguese conquer Malacca and other places In all ports controlled by Portuguese, Albuquerque instituted the system of the cartaz. Cartaz was a naval trade license or pass issue by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean during the sixteeth century, this cartaz system is under the rule of the Portuguese empire. In 1443, Prince Henry the Navigator was initiate the licensing of vessels with consent of the king and the Pope, when he decreed a monopoly on navigation in the west African coast Portuguese Mare clausim policy in the Atlantic Ocean have been starting. All the ships began to be licensed by Portugal, which authorized and supported navigation, encouraging investment in exploration travel by Portuguese and foreigners in exchange for part of the profits. In 1502, the cartazes licensing system was created and the main purpose of this system was to ensure that merchants paid the tax in Portuguese trading posts, guaranteeing its monopoly on the spice trade and other products. It actually bring advantage to local commerce, the low cost of the cartaz system, granting merchant ships protection against pirates and rival state. They protection racket, plus customs duties and some outright piracy, raised the money to defray part of the cost of manning garrisons and maintaining the navy Under cartaz system, every vessel will be receive a document to sail in the Indian coast, no vessel was permitted to sail in the Indian coast without this document, they may risking losing their cargo or being attacked and even sunk by Portuguese. Mainly Muslim, Hindu and Malay merchant ships without this document. Every year, Portuguese fleets patrolled the coasts to require this document. As Portuguese lost influence, the issue of cartazes becomes an important source of income for the crown. The cartaz system enabled the Portuguese to exercise some control over trading networks that they could not dominate. In time, they raised further revenues by selling concessions for specific maritime trade routes to Asian ship-owners. In the mid-16th century, Asian merchants were shipping their goods on Portuguese ships and vice versa. And even the Portuguese ships were crewed by men from Arabia, Malabar, Gujarat, Malaysia and Indonesia, with perhaps one or two Portuguese officers. Pidgin Portuguese became the  lingua franca  of the Indian Ocean ports.

Batman: Through the Years Essays -- Media Fiction Super Heroes Papers

Batman: Through the Years The Caped Crusader, the Dark Knight, Bruce Wayne, these are all aliases for an enigmatic character in popular culture most commonly known as Batman. While having his humble origins in the pulp magazines of the late 1930’s, over the span of his existence, he has expanded into a full-blown franchise. There have been 3 TV shows on him, 4 movies (1 more still in the making), various videogames, and over 20 comic book series that currently feature his name. Even after 60 years of being in print, it was a Batman issue that was the highest selling comic book of the last week of November, 2004. It is the aim of this project to explore the reasons why this one particular comic book superhero has managed to keep his relevance where so many others have faltered, with a focused look into how Batman artwork has changed over the sixty years of his existence. Who is Batman to you? Almost everybody knows something about Batman, from my Sunday school teacher (who confiscated my Batman comic book calling him ‘devilish’ and ‘violent’) to my little cousins who play the new Batman videogame incessantly. What many people fail to realize though is that the character of Batman has always been evolving, always being modified to fit the purposes of both the medium and the audience. Take for example the Batman television series that lasted from 1966 till 1968. Adam West as Batman, a little lumpy in his Batsuit, would fight crime accompanied by his faithful sidekick, Robin (Burt Ward). They would awkwardly beat up their enemies, (Listen to the classic soundtrack)accompanied by the classic POW! BIFF! WHAM! sound effects and use goofy phrases like, â€Å"†¦if two plus two equals four†¦Quick Robin, to the Batmobile!† In all t... ...ewer is interested in; Bruce Wayne is an after thought. But with a movie, the viewer is forced to see the Bruce Wayne character and on a sub-conscious level is forced to connect that character with the traits one already has of the actor from previous experience, which reduces the mystery of the Batman character. Concluding Thoughts: While the Batman character grown into an international franchise, many of his fellow superhero peers have fallen by the proverbial road side. Riding on his mysterious and dark persona, he is one of the most famous fictional characters of modern times. It is a unique blend of super-hero fantasy and realism that has allowed him to be accepted by such a wide audience, and it is to the credit of his producers that they have been able to mould the character the character to fit their needs while capitalizing on the character’s essence.

Russian Avant-Garde Essay -- Russian History, Artists, Russian Revolut

Russian Avant-Garde was born at the start of the 20th century out of intellectual and cultural turmoil. Through the analysis of artworks by Aleksandr Rodchenko and El Lissitzky this essay attempts to explore the freedom experienced by artists after the Russian Revolution in 1917. This avant-garde movement was among the boldest and most advanced in Europe. It signified for many artists an end to the past academic conventions as they began to experiment with the notions of space, following the basic elements of colour, shape and line. They strove for a utopian existence for all benefited by and inspired through the art they created. They worked with, for and alongside the politics of the time. The equality for all that they sought would eventually take from them the freedom of their own artistic individuality. The Russian Revolution energized the artists to expand their social influence to produce statements that could inspire human aspirations. Rodchenko and El Lissitzky approached their avant-garde art practice in visually similar ways, but theoretically they varied considerably. Victor Margolin (1997) explored the two artists’ principal approaches to building their art and their commitment to the political influences of the time within his first essay in The Struggle for Utopia. Rodchenko felt the objects produced should ‘both facilitate change in people, making them more ideally Soviet, as well as represent Soviet ideals through their materials and construction’. Both artists sought to design architectural structures. Rodchenko was a Constructivist who strove to produce new, functional, material objects. His designs were not constructed around aesthetics; they were intended to be a catalyst for social change. Works like The Fut... ...sts will be remembered for the mastery in which they applied the principles of Constructivism and Suprematism within their graphic design rather than the political ideologies they were required by the regime to promote. It is difficult to ascertain the political commitment among the Russian Avant-garde artists. Rodchenko and El Lissitzky were both sympathetic to the socialist cause. The Bolsheviks continued to consolidate their authority, increasingly dictated artistic policy and freedom to think and act independently was substantially curtailed during the 1920’s (Mayakovsky 2000). In 1934 Joseph Stalin decreed the end to the practice of Socialist Realism and the period of avant-garde experimentation and innovation ceased. Rodchenko and El Lissitzky would both become disillusioned, as their utopian vision became a struggle to maintain their own individual identity.

Modern World History Essay

The children had very different reactions to the policy of evacuation. They all had a lot of different experiences. Some liked it and felt as if it was an adventure for them, everything was new to them so they enjoyed it especially the ones who lived with wealthy hosts, some did not want to leave. It was like a holiday. But for these children some felt scared and didn’t like the change, for example this is Source I, taken from the Modern World History Heinemann textbook page 138, ‘Everything was so clean in the room. We were given face flannels and tooth brushes. We’d never cleaned out teeth until then. And hot water came from the tap. And there was a lavatory upstairs. And carpets. And clean sheets. This was all very odd. I didn’t like it. It was scary. ‘ This shows hard and weird it must have been for the children, all the changes would be very confusing. It was even worse though for the children who were mistreated, here is Source M from the same book and page. ‘Clarence and I used to sleep together and poor Clarence used to wet the bed because he was a very nervous kid. She (the foster mother) could never tell who’d done it so she used to bash the daylights out of both of us. So, of course, the more Clarence got hit the more he wet the bed. It was then we started to get locked in the cupboard. ‘ This source tells us how hard it must have been for children like Clarence. First of all they leave their family behind, leave the city they grow up in and don’t know what to expect just that it would be safer than the cities. Then they end up getting beaten by the foster parents. They would feel terrified and would probably wish they had never moved. It would also be very hard for children as they would miss their family and for little kids of about 5 and 6 it would be even harder. They would feel lost and not know what to do. For the mothers and fathers it would be probably be a sad experience letting your children go and live with strangers. You only knew that your children would be safer than in the city and hopefully wouldn’t be killed. You yourself wouldn’t know what to expect and would probably fear the worst. All you knew was that you had a job to do in the war and had to work hard. You didn’t know who you children were staying with or what they were like so it would be a traumatic experience for the parents as well as the kids. Only mums with babies were allowed to evacuate out of the cities with them otherwise they had to work. But at least you knew you were doing your bit and hopefully the hard work would take your mind off things and stop you from worrying. The parents knew the policy was a good idea but probably still had their doubts about it. Another reaction was from the emergency services. They seemed to like it. It gave them a lot more time to concentrate on the war and big things rather than having little kids causing trouble. They liked the situation and it helped them out a lot which was another reason why the evacuation itself took place. There was a lot less people in the cities, less crimes, fires etc. which made their job a lot easier which I’m sure they appreciated. They definitely liked the policy. So this shows the different reactions about the policy. There were a lot of mixed opinions on whether it was good or not. Some liked it some didn’t, but in my opinion it was a good thing but maybe if I was there I might have a different reaction to it.

The Paper Please Law

Moreen Prasad September 20, 2012 ENG 101 Rhetorical Analysis Papers Please! The Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act, often referred to as the Papers Please Law, has stirred up an extensive amount of controversy gaining national and international attention. The Act basically states that people who: are not citizens of the United States; are over the age of 14; and visit the United States for more than 30 days are required to obtain and possess registration documents at all times.However, the creators of the Arizona Act took it one step further when they enforced the failure of carrying your immigration documents with you at all times, a state misdemeanor crime. The state also has made it a requirement for officers to determine a person’s immigration status during any type of lawful contact, if there might be â€Å"reasonable suspicion† that the individual is an immigrant. The Arizona Act is not only unjust, but is bias and condones racism which is what leaders in the past have sacrificed their lives for in hopes of creating equality. What kind of society are we trying to create? One rooted in exclusion, punishment, and fear, or inclusion, forgiveness, and civic cohesion? † asks Lindsay Brooks, editor of â€Å"News Story: Arizona Illegal Immigration Law. † Brooks appeals to citizens in a moral manner in the question imposed, which the majority of people would answer this question with inclusion, forgiveness, and civic cohesion. The authors writing style and language impact the audience significantly. The author uses the word civic cohesion, implying that to punish, fear, and exclude would be uncivilized of the American population.The author uses pathos when referring to inclusion and forgiveness to create feeling within the audience. Forgiveness often requires a change of heart and acceptance. Arizona’s governor signed the Papers Please Law, under an executive order requiring the Arizona Peace Officer Standards and Training Board to provide local police with additional training on what does and what does not constitute â€Å"reasonable suspicion. â€Å" â€Å"The question is what exactly counts as suspicious behavior? And how does one receive efficient training for such judgment? † (Brooks).The author implies that logically, authorities are most likely pulling over and or pointing out anyone looks like a possible target which requires not training, but off the head judgment. The term, â€Å"reasonable suspicion† will simply permit police misconduct. Targets will be based off of obvious and basic judgment such as stereotypes, race, ethnicity, etc. The author creates a question within the readers’ mind of how judgment will be made and how targets will be established and then answers it as she would expect the reader to, persuading the reader to adopt the argument.The author not only addresses but questions the morality of stereotypes that many people encounter. In add ressing stereotypes, the author creates a sense of mutual understanding and trust. The idea of judging ones status does not resemble the society we are trying to create with inclusion, forgiveness, civic cohesion, and equality. Although an individual’s personal decision regarding mass deportation is vital, the situation does not stop at the state boundaries of Arizona. â€Å"As The New York Times wrote in an April 29th editorial, â€Å"The Supreme Court has consistently ruled that states cannot make their own immigration laws. The author adds credibility to their argument. The author demonstrates that she is making more than just an opinion based argument, but is knowledgeable in politics and the concept of law making. When the author speaks upon politics, it makes the audience feel a sense of legitimacy within the argument. In order to create a society that resembles inclusion, forgiveness, and civic cohesion and functions effectively, we must not let our people be exploit ed. â€Å"†¦framed around the same philosophical question: deportation or immigration. † (Lindsay).The author ends the article with a question for the audience to bear in mind which includes ethos, pathos, and logos. Although the author has been persuading the audience to take a stand against the Papers Please and Arizona Act throughout the article, she leaves it to the reader to decide for themselves exerting the right amount of pressure without overwhelming them. I do not agree with the Paper Please law because it allows police misconduct and the law itself is bias and condones racism. It is our job as a community to not let history repeat itself, but to keep progressing forward towards equality.

Discussion on Darwin's Dangerous Ideas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion on Darwin's Dangerous Ideas - Essay Example Dr. Charles Darwin came up with the great theory of evolution and the principle of natural selection in which only the best prepared organisms with the most desired genes live to maturity and mate to produce offspring with better traits to enable them survive in the environment with varied challenges. The theory has been largely used to explain the differences between organisms of similar species. Polar bears in the Antarctica regions are more hairy than those found in the Savanna regions in South America. The difference in these animals, as per Darwin’s explanation, results from the need of the polar bear to insulate from the stinging cold of the Antarctica regions. Darwin’s ideas are considered dangerous as they oppose the largely believed notion that God created all the animals with the uniqueness they posses. Darwin clearly explains that the environment in which an organism lives plays a major role in designing the features it posses. When man realized that he could find practical answers to the problems facing him, he started questioning the validity of the gospel spread by the church. Diseases like plague, malaria, cholera had their causes easily explained and treatment crafted from the very principle of their existence. This saw a mass boycott of followers from the church in mid 18th century. People started losing faith in the unseen and instead embraced science as it provided realistic solutions to the problems facing the people. This was unlike the ideas spread by the church where people believed that sufferings were as a result of sin and thus people were accustomed to embracing pain believing they were punishment for their past transgressions. Darwin observes that the warm and humid areas offer breeding ground for mosquitoes thus the high prevalence of malaria in such areas. Such findings are very practical and explain the prevalence of malaria in tropical Africa. Furthermore, from his

Team work is better than Individual heroism Essay

Team work is better than Individual heroism - Essay Example Teamwork guarantees collaboration, support and cooperation. Individual heroism, on the other hand, denotes the self-centered technique of approaching things from a personal perspective. Team work is better than individual heroism because through teamwork people of different abilities and skills unite for the accomplishment of a common purpose. For instance, if a group of people runs a business, it becomes easy to distribute the tasks amongst themselves thus making the venture successful. As a result, it is easier for teamwork to succeed in any endeavor due to the synergy of pooled resources and potentialities. On the other hand, individual heroism depicts selfishness and may not achieve much due to the solitary approach involved. Whereas teamwork could be convenient through the distribution of tasks, individual heroism is self-exhaustive and cumbersome. Teamwork provides an avenue for interaction, cooperation and sharing that result into better society and healthy living. For instance, when people meet to accomplish a joint task, they interact and share their experiences through which they strengthen each other. Teamwork achieves far much more than the task at hand because it offers opportunities for social and individual advancement through the involvement of different people in a single task. The experience of teamwork is so satisfying that the task need not be accomplished in totality; because the joy and success of teamwork lies in cooperation, which is a huge source of actualization. Through teamwork, it is possible for individuals to learn and correct their areas of weakness for better performance. A case in point is a situation when a group of people perform a common duty through which they observe and learn from one another. This is contrary to individual heroism, which seals all opportunities for growth and development by glorifying personal achievement at the expense of nurturing potential. Accordingly, individual heroism fosters personal

The Politics of Organisational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Politics of Organisational Change - Essay Example This is a change from transactional leadership, a traditionalist governance system where rewards are strictly contingent on performance from a functionalist perspective. Trust-based philosophies in transformational leadership are designed to foster job role autonomy and flexibility, thus promoting employee freedom to ensure dedication and loyalty to meeting organisational objectives. The multiple constituencies perspective is inter-linked with chosen management philosophy as it relates to connecting with subordinate personnel with recognition of emotions and psychological needs related to their decision-making power in the organisation. It is not until these needs are satisfied that change can be enacted successfully as constituencies in the organisation respond according to perception of politics rather than the tangible realities of change, politics and organisational design. The politics of change and psycho-social considerations The multiple constituencies approach to organisational development recognises the foundations and validity of the psychological contract as a template methodology for enacting more consensus-based organisational changes. This post-modern approach to managing people and leading them through organisational change practices rejects unitarism as a viable management strategy, a system of governance that is centralized and control is established through non-consensus governance actors (Grieves). Effectively, in order to attain commitment and adherence to change practices, the subordinate constituency must be granted recognizable power-sharing opportunities throughout the change processes to promote perceptions of autonomous working environments; a lean toward organisational democracyÃ'Ž. However, in order for a legitimate and true democracy to exist, it must sustain seven distinct characteristics. These are freedom, openness, trust, transparency, fairness, equality and accountability (Bar rett 2010). â€Å"If there is no consensus within organisations, there can be little potentiality for the peaceful resolution of political differences associated (with change)† (Almond and Verba, p.251). Planned change, such as the push and pull factors identified through Force Field Analysis, dictate the need for negotiated strategies in order to maximise positive change outcomes. For instance, when fear of change is identified as it relates to a specific change goal, fear can be mitigated through more effective interpersonal communications between governance and subordinate work teams or promoting job security as part of the psychological contract. In this case, the leadership of the organisation appeals to the foundational needs of employees as identified in the fundamental Hierarchy of Needs promoted by

Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Accounting - Essay Example Consistency can only be maintained in the companies throughout, if the accounting standards are itself consistent. Even though the establishment of the accounting standards has eradicated the ambiguity to some extent but it does not provide much uniformity in the judgmental matters. The rules and principles must be given much importance in this regard as well as their application, in order to maintain the coherence of the application of the accounting standards. In addition, judgmental matters must also be dealt with great regard such that the basis is not distorted. Only the internal consistency cannot assure the consistency of the accounting standards which is because the principles do not guide the managers in judgmental matters which in the end becomes a hurdle in the coherency of the accounting standards. There is vast importance of the consistency of the Accounting standards used all over the globe. The rapid change is also resulting is ambiguity on part of the investors and other users of the financial statements which must be eradicated. â€Å"The boards have also acknowledged the need of coherence of the accounting standards as well as the accounting policies which would benefit the creditors, investors and other users of the financial statements.† (Helium, 2010) It is very necessary that all the financial statements give a familiar representation of the policies and procedures applied as well as the results reached, which would lead to the user of the financial statement to reach a better conclusion. â€Å"There is an immense need for the consistency of the accounting standard’s application in areas of revenue and expenses through internal consistency.† (Mourik) The IASB has also taken a vast initiative in this regard in order to urge the makers of the financial statements to invoke consistency in their financial statements. IFRS 8, in this regard has stated â€Å"All the entities

Should the Government Provide Health Care Essay

Should the Government Provide Health Care - Essay Example Accordingly, good health care is very important to everyone as it forms part of their universal human right as citizen of the world. Consequently, the government should provide health care to everyone to ensure high productivity and good governance in the country. People with good health care can achieve many goals as opposed to people without it. According to Porter et al (38), the U.S Health Care System is tarnished for it is far above the ground cost. Many Americans habitually thought that it was the price of quality but it is not so. Some health care is outstanding, but there are also problems in the structure. In the past twenty years, health care has gone from being a foundation of pride to a great concern for America. The country squanders almost two trillion dollars yearly on health care, and costs prolong to rocket to levels to come close to a national predicament. More Americans have lost entree to Health insurance due to rise in costs of living. Another reason is the infla tion which has affected people. As these people encounter inadequate and protective care, quality suffers and costs rise even to unmanageable levels. The grouping of high costs, disappointing quality, and limited right of entry to health care have created concern and frustration for all participants. Costs keep on rising regardless of dogged efforts at cost control. The biggest problem in the U.S. health care structure is that the system is wrecked. Costs are sky-scraping and getting higher regardless of the fierce effort to control them. Technological innovation disperses slowly and does not force value improvement the way it should; as an alternative, it is seen by some as part of the trouble (Reich, 52) Â  Nathanson (38) observes that there is a rise in health care costs. A way of controlling health care costs is by the government creating a system that would make available good health insurance coverage to Americans. There is a high increase in costs relating to health care. Pe ople are concerned in paying more on health care and insurance. The government should provide health care as the latter has become more unaffordable for individuals and businesses. People who have to keep their health plans must incur a high cost. Businesses spend a lot of money in investments. This gives them a less chance spending money on health insurance premiums. Less money will be put back in the economy if individuals spend more on premiums and have little money to spend on consumer goods. A system controlled by the government will reduce costs and help in that improvement. Another reason is the development of a general database that is centralized and makes treatment trouble-free for doctors. Physicians require precise information to make appropriate diagnosis. A centralized system would create room for data examination, going ahead to good medical progress and efficient diagnosis as long as the government is paying for everything. Patients would be given confidence by the f ree medical services offered by the government. When a treatment is light, they will enquire about that problem. Currently, many sick people shun preventive measures for the reason that the costs to be incurred will be expensive. Health problems that could be prevented at an early stage become a major illness. The government would help such patients in visiting physicians (Messerli). Messerli asserts that when the government provides health care, it would enable people to concentrate in starting and managing their own businesses. Many people have great

Holiday Blues Essay Example for Free

Holiday Blues Essay Holidays filled with fun, family outings, shopping, Christmas Trees, and bringing in the New Year. It is not always like this for others. Holidays can be a very depressing time for others. When families get together you might want to pay attention to that loved one that maybe still grieving or going through lifes blows. It is hard to get into the grove of things when you look around and see that their is someone missing this year. Life is not the same without that person or persons. You are not so happy about another year going by and you havent made any significant progress in your life. It seems that nothing anyone can do to get you over this silent pain you are going through. Counseling could be one way of coping with this loss and trying to fill this void in ones life. Anti-depressants is another alternative. The best way I have found to beat the blues in combination of the above,if that is needed, is to bring yourself back to something you love to do. Be it listening to music, writing memoirs, singing, going out to a comedy. Just get yourself involved and loose yourself in your favorite past time to help alleviate the pressure. Remember not everyone is happy during the holidays. Try and look out for one another. You never know; all that person really needs to know is that someone has noticed them and had shown them that they really care. It is not only the teenagers we need to watch. We also need to watch the people that fall within the middle age group. So during the holiday fun and cheer look around to notice others that are not so happy. Cheer them up and show them that you care.

Learning Experience Of Partnership Working Social Work Essay

Learning Experience Of Partnership Working Social Work Essay To begin with I would like to focus on the policies and legislation which have identified partnership working. There is a large body of policies and legislation that focuses on collaboration and partnership working; some include duties for statutory organisations in relation to inter-agency working. I have examined only some of the key polices and legislation as there are too many to examine for the purpose of this essay. First of all I looked at the UK wide policies/legislations and then I focused on Welsh policy; these are set out in chronological order. To start with the Seebohm Report (1968) argued for a co-operation across the spectrum of welfare state services and more effective co-operation by different professionals. It proposed a major restructuring of personal social services into a unified social service department. The National Health Service and Community Care Act (1990) gave a duty to local authorities to assess and where applicable meet a persons needs for community care services by collaboration with other agencies. Following this Building Bridges (1995) encourages interdisciplinary and multi-agency care planning. The Health and Social Care Act (2001) aimed to develop partnerships and provide integrated care by building on existing health and local authority powers to develop care trusts. The National Service Framework for Older People (2001) set out standards for care of older people across health and social services. It aimed to remove age discrimination, provide person centered care, and promote independence, fitting services around peoples needs. Means for achieving these aims included the single assessment process and integration in commissioning arrangement and service provision. Valuing people: a new strategy for learning disability for the 21st century (2001) highlighted partnership. Working through local partnership boards and inter-professional/inter-agency co-operation are seen as central to achieving the four key principles; rights, independence, choice and inclusion for people with learning disabilities. National Service Framework (NSF) for Older People (2001) highlighted that pro fessionals should become more engaged in assessments and for agencies to minimise any duplication of work. Community Care (Delayed Discharge) Act (2003) introduced a new dynamic in interagency and inter professional relationships. It made Social Services authorities liable to reimburse the NHS for delays where patients in hospital are medically fit but unable to be discharged due solely to Social Services inability to provide assessment and community care services within a required timescale. Every Child Matters (2003) in response to the Victoria Climbià © inquiry proposed: improved interagency information sharing and co-operation; work in multi-disciplinary teams; a lead professional role; creation of local safeguarding boards. In the long term integration of key services for children and young people in childrens trusts will be under a director of childrens services. Children Act (2004) allowed the creation of database to support professionals in sharing information. The Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act (2004) placed a duty on Social Services to inform carers of their right to an asses sment. It also enabled Social Services to ask other public bodies including the health organizations to provide services to carers. Single Assessment Process Implementation Guidance (2004) sets out how the single assessment process described in the Mental Capacity Act (2005) where social workers and care professionals acting on behalf of someone who lacks capacity, must act in a persons best interest. Working Together to Safeguard Children (2006) addressed to practitioners and managers, sets out how organisations and individuals should work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children, stressing shared responsibility and the need to understand the roles of others. It described the role of local safeguarding childrens boards (LSCBs), training for inter-agency work and the detailed processes for managing individual cases. These elements are statutory guidance, which required compliance. Mental Health Act (2007) amended the 1983 Act broadening the group of professional practitioners who undertake approved social worker (ASW) functions, to be known as Approved Mental Health Professionals. Concurrently, the code of practice of the 1983 Act was updated, stressing inter-professional collaboration in assessment and after care planning and involvement of patients and carers. Building brighter futures: next steps for the childrens workforce (2008) sets out components of integra ted working as they emerged from Childrens Trusts. It considered the contribution of the Common Core of Skills and Knowledge and the pros and cons of professional identities and boundaries. It looked forward to achieving a broad vision of integrated working that has support across the whole childrens workforce. Now I would like to focus upon the policies that are specifically within Wales. Firstly, The Review of Health and Social Care in Wales, (WAG, 2003) emphasized the importance of multi-agency working. It looked at decision-making processes, the capacity and effectiveness of existing services, the capacity of management, the processes governing standard setting, information management, resource flows, and incentives and sanctions. The Report of the Wanless Committee (WAG, 2004) focuses on shared decision-making between professionals and users and patients. It also highlights that there needs to be integrated thinking across health and social care boundaries. It also highlights the need for a new approach for funding health and social care. Making the Connections: Delivering Better Services for Wales: The Welsh Assembly Government Vision for Public Services (WAG, 2004) policy aims to involve communities and people by putting them in the centre of service planning and delivery, it hopes t o achieve this by having effective and efficient co-operation between public services.. Children and Young People: Rights to Action, Stronger Partnerships for Better Outcomes (WAG, 2005)is paper outlines the expectation from the Assembly Government for local agencies to take a joint approach in planning services to make them as effective as possible. Fulfilled Lives, Supportive Communities: Improving Social Services in Wales from 2008-2018 (WAG, 2006) this focuses on partnership arrangements which put the citizen at the centre and work effectively across sectors and organisations using care pathways to support people. Lastly, Sustainable Social Services for Wales A Framework for Action (WAG, 2011) highlights the importance of developing more integration of health and social services for children, young people, and frail older people, and in respect of re-ablement services. Joining up in this way will help break down barriers that can often get in the way of providing services and d rive out duplication. This sets out the current vision for partnership working within Wales until 2016. As highlighted above there are many key pieces of legislation and policies which focus on the importance of multi-agency working. Since the 1960s there has been a focus on partnership working for social services. The main emphasis is that welfare services could be improved if statutory organisations worked together (WAG, 2003). There appears to be a fastening pace to make partnership working more effective. Perhaps this is down to the increased budget cuts therefore eliminating duplication of work and improving service delivery may be more important than ever before. There are some key principles and ethical issues to partnership working that are highlighted below. Gasper (2010) highlights that partnership working can improve access to services and avoid duplication; this means services can be delivered in more of a cost-effective way. Although Gasper reflects positively on partnership working there are other areas of partnership working that could lead to several dilemmas. Glasby (2004) defines inter-professional working as two or more people from different professions communicating and co-operating to achieve a common goal. Adams et al (2006) highlights the importance of having a professional identity to partnership working. Adams et al (2006) suggests that a professional identity gives a person a set of values, expertise, role and responsibilities; for example, social workers side more with the social model and health more with the medical model. Partnership working can be complex and often brings people together who have different views on wh at is right for a service user with different approaches (Gasper, 2010). Whittington (2003) suggests that if professionals can understand what they have in common, what they can contribute individually, what can be complementary and identify the possible tensions between them; it could improve the effectiveness of partnership working. By identifying these areas clients could benefit to better services. Keeping (2006) highlights a general uncertainty from other professionals around what social workers actually do. Lack of knowledge of what each professional involved, can lead to stereotyping each worker (Lymbery, 2006). There is often no clarity around the roles of voluntary and service users in partnership working (Marks, 2007). This means that it is important for social workers and other professionals to remember what responsibilities lay with them and try to understand other professionals responsibilities to make partnership working more efficient. Seden et al (2011) suggests that social workers are often caught between care and control, finding their way through complex relationships with service users, other professionals, peers and the public. Trust is an important factor when facilitating open discussion and successful role negation, both of which are important features of inter-professional working (Barrett and Keeping, 2005). Where professionals trust each others motives, competence and dependability they are more able to manage risky situations (Lawson, 2004). Trust is an important element of a successful collaborative working relationship. Issues may arise within partnership working when there is a use of specialist language that not everyone understands (Maguire and Truscott, 2006). For example health professionals may have abbreviations that the social workers may not understand and vice versa. Communication across professions can be difficult, especially when they are not in the same location. Not being based in the same location can result in a breakdown and delays in services; this can be seen in hospital discharges for example (McCormack et al, 2008). There may be differences in status between professionals and this must be acknowledged to understand the impacts it can have on communication (Barrett and Keeping, 2005). Some practitioners perceive threats to their professional status, autonomy and control when asked to participate in more democratic decision making forums (Lloyd and Wait, 2006). There may be issues around different resources available across different professionals. Resources can be split into three areas; money, information and time. Issues around money can be acknowledged in numerous areas. One is that there are different funding cycles, separate budgets and financial pressures (Frye and Webb, 2002). Also professionals may be reluctant in funding services if there are pressures on budgets (White and Harris, 2001). Information sharing can pose constraints for partnership working. For example in Health and Social Care there are different ICT systems in place, there is a need for a universal and shared systems between Health and Social Care to improve the exchange of information (WAG, 2003). There is also reluctance around sharing information with different professionals for fear of breeching confidentiality (WAG, 2003). Partnership working also needs a sufficient amount of dedicated time for it to be effective (Atkinson, 2007). Frost and Lloyd (2006) suggest ed that time is needed for relationships to develop and trust to be built. These are key components for agreements to be made around protocols and reflection upon new professional identities (Frost and Lloyd, 2006). Partnership working may involve travelling to meetings, some of which may be long distances; this requires a lot of time (Atkinson, 2007). Currently my practice learning level three is based within the Adult Community Care Team (ACCT) which implements care plans for clients with presenting eligible needs. To ensure that clients needs are met there is a process which involves various professionals within the information gathering and care planning stages; for example social worker, health, brokerage, finance team and carer assessors. ACCT works daily with other professionals; some are within the same location such as occupational therapists and some are offsite, like doctors based in hospitals. There is a wide range or partnership working; some work more successfully than others. I have found those on site tend to be more successful as information exchange is more effective and there is a better understanding of each others roles. One particular experience I would like to focus on is during one unified assessment (UA) when I worked collaboratively with an assessor nurse. Assessor nurses are based within the local health board in another location. The reason for our partnership working was to identify if this particular client was in need of a nursing home rather than a residential home. The expertise of the nurse was vital to complete the assessment. However there were some issues within this process. Firstly we have different ICT systems so we both have access to different information; Health could only see medical records whereas I could only see Social Service records. Having two separate ICT systems also made it difficult to complete the UA and there was a duplication of work. I had to use the Social Service UA documentation and the nursing assessor had to use the health UA documentation. If there was one ICT system only one UA form would have needed to be completed. This would have saved both of us having to complete two different lots of paperwork, which essentially had the same outcomes. There was another issue of understanding specialist language and abbreviations used within Health. I found myself regularly asking for clarification. There was also a reluctance to explore continuing health care from the assessor nurse even though there were triggers. This could be down to the sheer amount of time needed to complete the decision support tool and perhaps budget restraints. There are a few examples of good partnership working that I have experienced on placement but the majority had difficulty around budgets, communication, different ICT systems, difference in languages and a lack of understating other roles. Overall this essay has highlighted the increasing focus on partnership working from a UK wide perspective and a Welsh specific context. Some policies reflect upon the issues mentioned within this essay. There appears to be a faster pace to improve partnership working within a policy context. For partnership working to be positive, there is a need for collaboration from professionals to overcome particular issues and great outcomes can be achieved. Word Count:2,377