Photography boundaries and uses

Photography boundaries and uses Photography from its very beginning served in a beneficial manner to democratize portraiture, expanding its boundaries and traditional uses. It no longer remained as an exclusive privilege of the aristocracy, the only class to afford it. By expanding its periphery, photographic portraiture not only complicated its function, but raised several intriguing issues in the new domains it spread to. By far, it complicated issues of identity and self-representation. Portraiture which was a means of re-asserting social status now opened up questions of gender, sexuality, and ethnicity. So how did portraiture overcome its narrow boundaries? It is important for us here, to trace a brief history of the creation of identity in photographic portraiture because our modern vision of constructing identities has important historical precedents. The development of photographic portraiture occurs at a unique point in history the time of the Industrial Revolution in Europe and America. It thus coincided with the ascendency of the middle class into the domains of finance and culture. The newly acquired wealth of the bourgeoisie was spent lavishly on all kinds of goods, mostly in a way to emulate the lifestyle of the aristocracy. Just as a king would inscribe his victory pillar with his achievements to stand against the tide of time, the newly emerging bourgeoisie etched their arrival on the photographic paper. It is to be borne in mind that portraits were always meant for public display and enter into a dialogue with the world at large, even when they were limited to private consumption. Representing their opulent lifestyle in the portraits, the bourgeoisie at one stroke could visually affirm their social status to the world at large, as well as pose a constant challenge to the aristocratic monopoly of signs. Photographic portraiture during this time (mid 19th century) could basically be divided into the bourgeois family photo and individuals (men) of great success (not those who enjoy greater rights and privileges due to high birth). This clearly demarcated the private and the public sphere of the bourgeoisie. The middle-class ideals of the family and success were comprehensively treated in the photographic studios of the major cities where, the bourgeois body was situated within a network of cultural, social and ideological relations. Through these discourses between the body and the camera, a moral icon was being cultivated. There began to emerge a set of codes vis-à  -vis posture, expression, lighting, dress, etc which were evoking a middle-class cultural ideal. These were aimed to be an inspirational and moral source for the working classes. It was in the portrait of the family that struggles over representation of gender and interaction between the sexes began to peek its head. Although during Enlightenment there was a universal climate of liberty and equality and a general freedom for the woman, it was contested by a large majority of male thinkers. Historically significant writings of Rousseau and studies in the Encyclopaedia of the latter half of the 18th century conclude on the basis of female biological dispositions, that women are â€Å"unequal but complementary partner of men†, â€Å"the destiny of women is to have children and nourish them.† The emerging middle-class reformers and professionals by the 19th century had idealized the structure of family and pre-disposed social roles on the basis of gender, through the field of science, popular literature, sermons, etc. Let us analyze this photo belonging to the 1850s to further illustrate this view. A typical Victorian elderly couple is represented in the centre of the frame. The husband is facing the camera with a rather powerful authority which comes through in his intent vision. He is in the front, seated on a chair, and it is evident that he assumes full control of decision-making in the family. His wife on the other hand, comes across as a fragile dutiful figure on the back. It appears as if in reality, she is relegated to the background, almost without any assertive power in the family unit. It is this system of differences the camera captures that underlines the textured fabric of dominant social relations. The creation of identity in photographic portraiture is thus anchored firmly in a set of economic, political and social underpinnings. In the idealized Victorian family photo below, the family unit is presented in a ritualized display, oddly superficial in content and with the hierarchy of the domestic cult being apparently visible. The photo is of Sir Richard Strachey, a colonial administrator, soldier, botanist and engineer and his family engaged in a parlour game. In the other family photo, the male figure is seen to enact the role of the family-head, whose expressions and gestures are carefully rooted in the middle-class ideological terrain. The wife is a rather subdued entity. With passive children on display by their sides and bound to each other by cords of reciprocal love and obligation, the members of the family typified a whole new commitment to a domestic ideal. The space within which they were placed to photographed most often i.e. the photographers studio went a long way in reinforcing their social identities. It was basically a fabricated space, with various props for various occasions. Carefully altered according to needs, it served as the bourgeois drawing room, the balcony, and the like; they were symbols of middle-class recreation and leisure. Dotted with objects of art and cultivated taste, these spaces had the potential of conveying the bourgeois milieu. With the bourgeois coming into prominence and replacing the aristocracy of the ‘Ancien Regime, it was time that photography brought into the domains of visibility those so far neglected, not represented those ‘invisible. It was due to surveillance, almost, that the colonized subjects with their distinct ‘otherness or in other words ethnicity, and the labouring classes driving the capitalist machinery, came into the visual sphere. One of the striking features at a glance is how these classes are represented they are made to confront the camera, almost come to terms with its gaze. The blunt frontality shows a complete lack of sophistication which is markedly different from the cultivated asymmetries of the bourgeois pose. This middle-class awareness, that the body when carefully positioned always served as a cultural and class signifier, explains why they were never in conflict with the camera. - How has then modern contemporary photography dealt with the issue of identity in terms of gender, the public or private self or even sexuality? One of the significant changes which had occurred through the passage of time was the representation of women in photography. Be it in the workplace or on private dining table, images of women changed radically being more assertive, independent. They had over time, gained social and political rights and were enacting various roles at the same time the professional, the wife, the mother and the like. Thus representation of women in the workplace became an intense subject, especially during the time of Margaret Thatcher in Britain. But with unemployment rising to unprecedented levels during the 1980s, photography revealed shocking truths. It was found that women were mostly employed in low-paid professions or part time and faced several discriminatory practices with regard to class, gender and ethnicity at the workplace. In 1986-87, Rhonda Wilson presenting an oppositional view through her images, produced a striking series of work- drawing in heavily from popular imagery and signs and underlined with satire. In the photo below, which exploits the format of the beauty contest with sashes and higher pedestals, women with the worst weekly income levels are presented as three winners. They are represented in their professional capacities with each one holding props related to their work. Their expressions clearly reveal the irony. Thus it brought to the forefront important questions of womens role in the modern society and also in the male-dominated ‘workplace. It also revealed the sexual division of labour i.e. traditional feminine occupations being grossly underpaid. In another interesting take on the subject is Debbie Humphreys project of the 1990s Gender Crossings focussing on relationships between the sexes in the workplace. The women in this series of images, have disregarded the so-called gender boundaries and entered the domain of â€Å" mens † work. These women blend in with their male counterparts and have strangely subdued femininity. In the image below, we see three employees in a typical office environment. At a glance, it is hard to identify that the central figure is a female due to her cropped hair, guardedly crossed arms to conceal the breast and her typically male attire. The woman is flanked by one male colleague on either side who seem to be quite comfortable in presenting themselves in the particular environment. Standing firmly these men appear as intimidating to the female colleague, whose posture and expression testify to the fact. The picture raises important questions of why the female has chosen a male dress-code. Is it to be at par with the men in the profession? To legitimise her presence? In any case, the power structure of the place is clearly shown. Issues of representation become more complex when this woman professional also has to run the household. In Jacqueline Sarsbys photo-documentary series on the agricultural labour she portrays this dual role of ordinary working women in small English farms.

Free College Admissions Essays: What Motivates You? :: College Admissions Essays

College Admissions: What motivates you to seek a college education Why is Berea College a good choice for you What motivates me to seek a college education? In addition, why Berea College is a good choice for me. December 16, 2000 The last couple of years have been a long bumpy ride for me, as they have for everyone my age. No matter what, everyone has experienced many of the same "teenage" circumstances as I have and has dealt with them in their own way. As a personal participant in this "game", we call life, I would say I worked hard for and earned first place. That is just my creative view on things. Too bad, not everyone sees it in the same light as I do. As a student, I am an active participant in my academic and extracurricular activities. My first priority has always been to make good grades and learn in school. Although this is important to me, I also know that by participating in clubs, sports, and after school activities, I will become a well-rounded student. During the past years of my high school career I have participated and received awards in the following: Cheerleading (eight years), twice as captain, '97 -'98 Varsity Letter in Cheerleading, '98 AIM scholar, Who's Who Among American Cheerleaders, and '98 Academic Excellence Award while participating in Virginia High School League Interscholastic Activities. I also belonged to the following clubs: S.A.D.D. club (two years), second year as secretary, Pep Club, Varsity Club, Choir Club, and Computer Club. In the year '99 -'00 I received awards in the following classes: Computer Applications, Spanish I, World Geography, and Advanced Algebra/Trigonometry. I also received an awa rd for Most Encouraging Student. I currently belong to the Hiking and Outdoor Club, Ski Club, Pep Club, and Environmental Awareness Club. In addition, this year I participate in a program called Read With A Friend. In this program I, along with a group of other students, go to the near by elementary school to read to a class of students from kindergarten to fifth grade. In order to gain an understanding of independence and responsibility, I have held summer jobs in the preceding three years. I also worked to help myself financially in boarding school, insurance, a car, everyday necessities, and soon in college. My first summer job was at the Moonlite Drive In Theater. Free College Admissions Essays: What Motivates You? :: College Admissions Essays College Admissions: What motivates you to seek a college education Why is Berea College a good choice for you What motivates me to seek a college education? In addition, why Berea College is a good choice for me. December 16, 2000 The last couple of years have been a long bumpy ride for me, as they have for everyone my age. No matter what, everyone has experienced many of the same "teenage" circumstances as I have and has dealt with them in their own way. As a personal participant in this "game", we call life, I would say I worked hard for and earned first place. That is just my creative view on things. Too bad, not everyone sees it in the same light as I do. As a student, I am an active participant in my academic and extracurricular activities. My first priority has always been to make good grades and learn in school. Although this is important to me, I also know that by participating in clubs, sports, and after school activities, I will become a well-rounded student. During the past years of my high school career I have participated and received awards in the following: Cheerleading (eight years), twice as captain, '97 -'98 Varsity Letter in Cheerleading, '98 AIM scholar, Who's Who Among American Cheerleaders, and '98 Academic Excellence Award while participating in Virginia High School League Interscholastic Activities. I also belonged to the following clubs: S.A.D.D. club (two years), second year as secretary, Pep Club, Varsity Club, Choir Club, and Computer Club. In the year '99 -'00 I received awards in the following classes: Computer Applications, Spanish I, World Geography, and Advanced Algebra/Trigonometry. I also received an awa rd for Most Encouraging Student. I currently belong to the Hiking and Outdoor Club, Ski Club, Pep Club, and Environmental Awareness Club. In addition, this year I participate in a program called Read With A Friend. In this program I, along with a group of other students, go to the near by elementary school to read to a class of students from kindergarten to fifth grade. In order to gain an understanding of independence and responsibility, I have held summer jobs in the preceding three years. I also worked to help myself financially in boarding school, insurance, a car, everyday necessities, and soon in college. My first summer job was at the Moonlite Drive In Theater.

Case Management Accounting

Although maintaining the current plant- wide rate Is probably not Illegal, its continuation has one purpose: to extract profits from government business. Doug knows the plant-wide rate Is not accurately assigning overhead costs to various Jobs and Is willing to alter the assignments on an â€Å"unofficial basis† for purposes of bidding on private-sector jobs. Fundamentally, ethical behavior is concerned with choosing right over wrong. To knowingly overcharge government for future business certainly seems so wrong.To continue overpricing knowing the new overhead rates would more than make up for any lost profits from the government sector through more competitive bidding in the private sector is a clear indication of greed. While managers have an obligation to maximize profit and shareholders wealth, this obligation must be within ethical boundaries In addition, the solution proposed by Doug Is not ethical as he Is using a plant-wide rate as costing approach for both private an d government business but he uses departmental overhead rate to make balding prices competitive.This arises due to he company having two producing departments, one labor Intensive and the other is machine intensive. This is a violation of at least two major ethical standards: integrity and objectivity. The labor intensive department generates lesser overhead than machine-intensive department. Furthermore, virtually all of their high-volume jobs are labor-intensive. The company is using a plant-wide rate based on their direct labor hours to assign overhead to all Jobs. As a result, the high volume, labor Intensive Jobs receive greater share of the machine intensive department's overhead than they really deserve.This problem can greatly alleviated by switching to departmental overhead rates. But as most of the company's government contract work is done in the labor intensive department and the department overhead will push down the cost on the government jobs, the company will lose re venue. Dual-pricing approach will be used. Plant-wide overhead rate approach for official records and departmental overhead rate approach for bidding in private sector business, which is a practice that is highly unethical. 2. Tanya has an ethical obligation to communicate information and should always make sure that ethical standards are upheld In the company.Tanya should first determine whether or not Gunderson has a corporate code of conduct. She can pursue the avenues suggested by the code. Check the violations committed and how can you address such violations. For example, If Tanya cannot persuade Doug to refrain from implementing his scheme, she should present her objections to Dough's needs to reach out on the higher management level. If no resolution is possible after appealing to all higher levels, the resignation may be the only remaining option. Case 9-55 DRP Roger Jones Cash Budget Cash collection and cash available Less: Cash disbursements Salaries BenefitsThere is more none going out than there is more money coming in. Increase revenue to make up the deficiency or cut down costs or he can implement both. Three approaches can be applied to reach the goal of increasing revenue and cutting down costs. Alternative #1 : Extend office hours so that a total of 40 hours are worked each week. This could increase revenues by as much as $5,340. Based on a four-week month, the current revenue earned per hour is $166. 88($21 ,360/128). Thus, the total revenue increase that is possible is hours). DRP.Jones would need to inform his assistants and receptionists of the increased time ND indicate that each will receive a 15% increase in salary for the additional time. The office is currently open for 34 hours per week. Benefits are primarily PICA, SEA and unemployment insurance benefits, and other insurance benefits would also increase. Other expenses that will likely increase with an increase in sales are dental supplies, lab fees and utilities which is about 31% of the sales. The remaining expenses would be assumed as fixed expenses.In all likelihood, this would require the receptionist to become involved in assisting. This may not be possible without laying off the receptionist and hiring a person that has both sets of skills. Additionally, using the receptionist as an assistant would result in phone calls going unanswered and/or incoming patients being ignored. C. Alternative #3: A third possibility is to increase the free charged for the various dental services. Assuming a variable cost ratio of 31% from Alternative 1, the increase in revenues needed to cover the $2,900 deficiency can be computed as follows: 0. OR = $ 2,900 R = $ 2900/0. 69 R = $ 4,203 The increase would call for fees to increase an average of 19. 7%. Whether this increase is possible or not depends to some extent on how DRP. Jones' charges compare with other dentists in the area. If some increase is possible, then the increase could be combined with elements of the oth er two alternatives. For example, 10% increase in fees and working the extra hours per week, say Tuesday evening. I would expect DRP.Jones to be more likely accept a combination like the one Just mentioned rather than accepting any of the approaches in their pure form. The behavioral principles discussed in the chapter do have a role in this type of setting. DRP. Jones' personal goal must be in line with the goals of his professional organization, and he must have the motivation to achieve those goals. That is, however, a significant difference. DRP. Jones owns and manages the organization. To large extent, his goals must be done the same way as the organization.

Epi- Words for Writers

Epi- Words for Writers Epi- Words for Writers Epi- Words for Writers By Maeve Maddox The Greek prefix epi means something like *on, over and occurs in several English words. Here are some writing-related words that begin with it. epic Although the epi in this word isnt actually a prefix, Ill include it because it is an important literary term. It comes from the Greek for word. In English it refers first of all to the long poems by Homer and Virgil: the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Aeneid. By extension it can mean any long poem that tells traditional stories and describes the way of life peculiar to a nation. For example, the Old English epic Beowulf, Old French The Song of Roland, and the German Niebelungenleid. It can also mean any literary creation that is long and follows a story across many years. epigram An epigram is a short, pithy saying, what moderns might call a sound bite. The word originally meant an inscription, which by its nature would have been brief. The Roman poet Martial made a specialty of them. Closer to our own times are those of Oscar Wilde: A cynic is a man who knows the price of everything but the value of nothing. A man who does not think for himself does not think at all. Always forgive your enemies nothing annoys them so much. epigraph This word also had the original meaning of inscription, something brief written over something. An epigraph is a quotation that begins a book or a chapter in a book. The epigraph suggests the theme of the book or chapter. One of my favorite epigraphs is the one for The Night of the Hunter: Whos to doom, when the judge himself is dragged to the bar? Its an appropriate epigraph because the children in the novel are being pursued by the very man who should be their protector. George Eliot heads all 86 chapters of Middlemarch with an epigraph. She was quite a reader. episode An episode is a unit of action in a literary work, or one performance of a radio or television series. When I was young, there were movie serials; wed see the latest episode on Saturday. George Lucas must be familiar with the old movie serials because thats how he framed his six-part StarWars epic. Episodes are integral parts of a novel, but if they are not tied to the main story in a believable manner, your work will be criticized as being episodic, and thats not a good thing. epitaph Another word that began as an inscription, an epitaph is a written composition of a few lines meant to be carved on a tombstone. A typical epitaph would be: Here lies Mary Brown, beloved wife and mother. Epitaphs can be amusing. Here are some that adorn the graves of men who died when the West was being won: Here lies Lester Moore. Four slugs From a forty-four. No Les No More. He called Bill Smith A Liar Bill Blake Was hanged by mistake. Heres an epitaph from the grave of an Englishman named Partridge who died in the month of May: What? Kill a Partridge in the Month of May? Was that done like a sportsman? Eh, Death, eh?! Sometimes they indicate the manner of death: Here lies the body of Jonathan Blake, Stepped on the gas instead of the brake. Sometimes they speak in the voice of the departed: I told you I was sick! Sometimes they are philosophical: Here lies an Atheist †¨All dressed up †¨And no place to go. And sometimes they tell a life story in a few words: Rebecca Freeland 1741 She drank good ale, good punch and wine And lived to the age of 99. epithalamium This is a Greek word meaning nuptial song Ancient poets Pindar, Sappho and Catullus wrote them. The most famous one in English, Epithalamion, was written by Edmund Spenser for his own wedding. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"Hang, Hung, HangedHow to Style Titles of Print and Online Publications

Bylaws essays

Bylaws essays Constitution and By-Laws For The Blackfeet Tribe Of The Blackfeet Indian Reservation Of Montana We, the adult members of the Blackfeet Indian Tribe, pursuant to the authority vested in us by Section 16 of the Act of June 18, 1934 (48 Statutes at large, page 986), and amendments thereto, do hereby organize for the common welfare of said tribe and the members thereof, and for such purpose do adopt the following constitution for the government, protection, and common welfare of the said tribe and members thereof. We the people of the Cherokee Nation, in order to preserve and enrich our tribalculture, achieve and maintain a desirable measure of prosperity, insure tranquility and to secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of freedom, acknowledging, with humility and gratitude, the goodness of the Sovereign Ruler of the Universe in permitting us so to do, and imploring his aid and guidance in its accomplishmentdo ordain and establish this Constitution for the government of the Cherokee Nation. The term "Nation" as used in this Constitution is the same as "Tribe." Approved for Referendum by the Commissioner, Morris Thompson, on September 5, 1975, Seconded by the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, Ross O. Swimmer, on October 2, 1975, approved by Referendum on June 26, 1976. The Cherokee Nation is an inseparable part of the Federal Union. The Constitution of the United States is the Supreme law of the land; therefore, the Cherokee Nation shall never enact any law which is in conflict with any Federal law. Approved for Referendum by the Commissioner, Morris Thompson, on September 5, 1975, Seconded by the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, Ross O. Swimmer, on October 2, 1975, approved by Referendum on June 26, 1976. Seat of government, Article XVII of the Cherokee Constitution. Rorex v. Cherokee Nation JAT 93-5 (1995) THE CHEYENNE-ARAPAHO TRIBES OF OKLAHOMA We, the Indians of the Cheyenne-Arapaho ...

Introduction to Organisations and Management Essay - 2

Introduction to Organisations and Management - Essay Example By comparing the two companies we will try to learn how these challenges can be solved. The difference in the management style of both the companies will also be discussed under the light of relevant theories of management and business. Watsons Engine Components and H&M Consulting are the two companies that will be discussed in the report. Watsons Engine Components is a manufacturing company of parts for car engines. It is a family owned business and is in a lot of trouble because of the increased competition in the industry. The human resource management issues are also staring the company right in the face. On the other hand, H & M Consulting is a consultancy company and has made massive inroads in many engineering and management sectors all over the world. Since its inception in 1989, it has grown into a large organization with a global presence. The company is doing very well and has a friendly culture which in turns yields good profits for the company. The differences between th ese two companies will be highlighted in the report. Organizational Design and Structure The first area of difference between the two organizations is the organizational structure. Structure in companies is very important because all communication is done within the organization according to its structure. The lower levels of employees communicate their demands and insights on the business through the structure. This is why the importance of organizational design in great. A major chunk of the problem of Watsons Engine Components lies in its organizational structure. The structure of the company is hierarchal and old fashioned. In a hierarchal structure, the flow of information is very slow. The communication gap in the company is very evident from the highly unionized employee base. When the voices of employees are not heard they feel compelled to make such forums where voices are raised. It is actually an individual need, to raise his or her voice about the work he or she is doing and in absence of proper communication channels unions are formed. Cross-functional integration is very important in environments where demand is unpredictable (Germain, Claycomb, & Droge, 2007). This integration is also lacking in Watsons Engine Components. The company is not interested in training employees so that they can work in different areas. The employees are not even motivated themselves to work hard because of the structural issues with the company. Employees working at the lowest level have great ideas about improvement of a product but these ideas are not heard because of the vertical structure of the organization. Workers find it difficult to communicate their ideas to the top management. The business activity of Watsons Engine Components requires a structure that is flexible. The company produces complex products that are engine parts. Innovation is actually required when manufacturing complex products and design structure is very important when developing complex pr oducts (Danilovic & Browning, 2007). This is because innovation will only take place when ideas from employees are listened to and implemented. In a business of manufacturing, the company should have a decentralized structure and a small company like Watsons Engine Components should have an open door policy. H & M Consulting, on the other hand, has a much-decentralized structure and this is the reason for their success.

Data Mining Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data Mining - Lab Report Example In addition, data on the number of science related course that a student had taken and data on years of professional experience that a student had prior to the course were missing for some of the participants. In addition, data on expected salary for first job had unrealistically low values and required cleaning. Means were used to clean data on previous number of science course and professional experience and expected salary while mode was used to clean ordinal data. A majority of the students, therefore, had undertaken about three science related courses and had about 3.65 years of professional experience in data areas. The students expected first salary of about $ 29795.78. A majority of the students (60.9 percent) were fair in data mining efficiency while only 8.7 were good. Only 21.7 percent had much confidence in becoming data analysts after graduation while 56.5 percent were not sure of their positions. Most of the students lived away from campus with 34.8 percent being within a driving distance while 52.2 percent lived far away, though within the United States. Most of the students preferred a one-by-one virtual meeting. The following histograms illustrate the distributions. Majority of the students have sufficient background knowledge in data mining, having done many related course. They however lack experience in data mining and report average efficiency. Their level of motivation into data analysis profession is low, their locations are far from the campus, and they prefer one-by-one virtual meetings. A one on one approach to learning that focuses on technology for online study is therefore